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明朝 前期 宦官 勢力의 推移와 機能
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Type
Academic journal
Author
Journal
중국사학회 중국사연구 중국사연구 제61호 KCI Accredited Journals
Published
2009.1
Pages
39 - 82 (44page)

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明朝 前期 宦官 勢力의 推移와 機能
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宦官当道是明朝政治的重要特征之一。宦官在明代政治舞台占据着重要地位，他们对政治、军事、经济、外交 等都予以干预，触及范围非常广泛。明代宦官权势之大是前面汉代和唐代不可比拟的。据《明史》记载这种情形始于明第三代皇帝永乐帝在位期间， 但史实并非如此，明太祖时期宦官当道的情形已初见端倪。 建立明王朝之初，明太祖以汉唐两代宦官之害为鉴，对宦官的防范心里非常强。他规定宦官不得兼外臣文武衔，不得御外臣冠服，官无过四品，月米一石. 还立铁牌于宫门，铁牌上刻着 “内臣不得干预政事，预者斩”。 他给宦官定的地位卑微，甚至规定不可识字，掌管政权则无从谈起。明太祖旨在以这种强制方式限制宦官的权限和行为，防范宦官专横拔跋扈。 不过明太祖的这种严驭宦官的政治理念，开始就因当时的政治现实而松动。明太祖称帝后生性多疑的他，对功臣甚至对儿子都不信任，大兴文字狱削弱功臣的势力。在这样的政治形势下，只能把要处理的事情交给事实上最亲近的宦官去办理。明太祖这种既限制心腹宦官的权限又难以信任任何人的政治现实，促使其构建了以宦官为亲信的君主专制体系。 这样的君主专制体系基础上，宦官开始“参预外交事务, 参预茶马贸易事务, 参预军事活动, 刺臣民隐事”. 特别是到了洪武13年（1380年）丞相制的废除，使宦官的权力进一步增强。明太祖时期起宦官的权势逐渐扩大，宦官数量不断增加，组织机构日趋完备。 永乐帝继位之后，因靖难之变中宦官起到的重要作用，以及宫廷机密的保密、亲信政治的方便性等开始重用宦官。这一时期宦官摄政活动异常活跃，特别是外交出使、监督军队和地方政权的活动非常活跃。 永乐帝时期设立的情报机构东厂是用来监视军情民情的机关，以调查政治谋反者为主要任务。该机关拥有逮捕、监禁的权限，其势力范围伸长到对市井百姓的侦探和谍报，足见其势力之大。因该机关直接听命于皇帝，行政地位虽较低下，但极大地增强了宦官权力。 后来到了宣德时期，设立了宦官学校内书堂，宦官参与皇帝批复奏章，对宦官势力的发展起到的重要作用。 从太祖到永乐期间宦官势力经历了成长和发展，到洪熙、宣德时期其势力已非常巩固，为后来宦官王振的土木堡之役埋下了伏笔。 总之，明太祖时期从政治理念上为压制宦官势力制定了各种规定，但受到政治现实的局限，不得以委托宦官处理各种事务，由此宦官的活动得以范围扩大。到了永乐帝时期重用宦官使宦官的权利进一步扩大，但还不足以左右政权，真正由宦官左右政权是从参与宣德帝批阅奏章开始。
#명조 #환관 #환관억제정책 #명태조 #영락제 #출사 #감군 #간예경제 #Eunuches #Domination of Eunuches #Zhu Yuan zhang #Taizu #Hongwu Emperor) #Yongle Emperor #Zhuti) #Inspecting Tour #Supervising Army #Participating in Economic Activity

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