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자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
민순의 (한국종교문화연구소)
저널정보
종교문화비평학회 종교문화비평 종교문화비평 제30권 제30호
발행연도
2016.1
수록면
50 - 85 (36page)

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Since the latter part of the 17th century of Joseon Korea, the folk religions of Buddhism have been changed in terms of its religious experiences and practices. The people’s faiths and the ritual practices have been diversified and their prevalent activities were not based on traditional Buddhist texts or temple initiated practices. They are consisted of 1)the repetitive chanting of ‘the Buddha and the Bodhisattva names’(yeom-bul-jisong, 염불지송, 念佛持誦), and ‘Dharani’(da-ra-ni, 다라니, 陀羅尼) which is the spells/chanting of invoking the mercy of Avalokiteshvara(guan-eum, 관음, 觀音), and 2)the Lay Buddhism practices(geo-sa-bul-gyo, 거사불교, 居士佛敎), the worships of the healing technique, the faith of Maitreya revealed(mi-reukha- saeng-sin-ang, 미륵하생신앙, 彌勒下生信仰), the do-cham(도참, 圖讖), and the syncretic practices for immortality(seon-do, 선도, 仙道). At the opening of Joseon Korea to the outer world and eventually under Japanese colonization, the Buddhist intellectuals have groped for the reforms and trials to popularize the Buddhist practices among the ordinary people. After independence of Korea, the regulations of the Buddhist properties instituted in 1962 did great impacts on Buddhist institutions of forming the sectarian orders. This regulations of property subsequentially paved the grounds for the establishing new Buddhist orders. Except major orders like the Jogye-jong(조계종, 曹溪宗) and the Taego-jong(태고종, 太古宗), the Jingak-jong(진각종, 眞覺宗) and the Cheontae-jong(천태종, 天台宗) among other minor sects are the newly established Buddhist orders, which have been resulted from the temple property regulations at this period. The Jingak-jong was established by Son Gyu-sang(손규상, 孫珪祥, 1902~1963), and the Cheontae-jong was built by Park Jun-dong(박준동, 朴準東, 1922~1974). These sectarian orders have common practices of faiths and rituals like the repetitive chanting on the name of Buddha and Bodhisattva, Dharani spells for Avalokiteshvara, or healing technique, etc. Meanwhile, they are distinctive in the practice formats and in appealing to the lay people. The Jingak-jong has upheld the ideal of the Lay Buddhism practices and the Cheontae-jong has rather syncretic features of worshipping the living Buddha(saeng-bul, 생불, 生佛), the faith of Maitreya revealed, the do-cham and the practice for the immortal. They have established their own religious identities in their creeds from the starts. The Jingak-jong has eagerly focused on modernizing every aspects of the practices, whereas the Cheontae-jong has mostly based on the traditional ways. I intended to investigate that both of the Jingak-jong and the Cheontae-jong have inherited and succeeded from the Korean folk religious/Buddhist experiences since the latter part of the 17th century on. Obviously, the newly established Buddhist sects are quite different from those in traditional period in terms of their adopting creeds and rituals and its transforming the formats of beliefs. My next tasks after this paper will be developed to the examination of the modern alteration on the concepts of ‘Buddhist sectarian order’ and the investigation of why the appearances of Buddhist sectarian orders in the 20th century in Korea is inevitable.

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