조선 후기 궁중회화에서 두드러지는 현상 중 하나는 궁궐과 누각 등 건축물 이미지를 재현한 회화와 시각자료의 제작이 급증했다는 사실이다. 조선 후기 궁중에서 건축물 이미지는 궁중행사도와 궁중장식화, 궁궐도, 성시도, 산릉·영건·연향의궤의 圖說(혹은 圖形), 단독 건축도형 등의 형태로 재현되었다. 이들은 모두 대형화면을 이용하여 계화기법을 정교하게 구사하고 세부 표현이 정밀하다는 특징이 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 조선 후기에 궁중에서 건축물을 재현한 회화와 시각자료를 건축화라는 관점에서 조망하고, 궁중회화에서 건축화가 증가했던 사실과 관련한 차비대령화원의 활동상을 구체적으로 밝히는 데 있다. 조선 후기 궁중회화에서 궁궐과 관청 등 건축물은 국가와 왕실의 행사가 設行되는 공간이면서 국가통치의 기반이 되는 정치적 공간이었다. 또 궁중장식화에서 궁궐과 누각은 장수와 복록을 상징하는 공간이기도 하였다. 누각은 국왕들이 선호하는 화목이었고, 성시도와 왕회도 등 대형 건축물 이미지가 요구되는 화제는 국왕들이 애호하여 자주 출제하기도 하였다. 궁중 내 건축화의 수요 증가 현상은 『내각일력』의 차비대령화원 녹취재 누각 화목 및 인물 및 속화 화목에 출제된 건축화 관련 화제를 통해 살필 수 있었다. 19세기 후반 작성된 궁중소장의 병풍발기 3건에서도 건축물을 주요한 공간적 배경으로 설정한 궁중장식화가 다수 제작되었음을 살폈다. 마지막으로, 차비대령화원의 녹취재 건축화 관련 성적을 토대로 조선 후기 건축화의 발달을 이끈 화원들의 활동상을 분석한 결과, 정조~순조대에 궁중 소용 건축화의 발달을 견인한 차비대령화원으로 朴仁秀가 있었다. 이후 헌종대에 다시 한번 건축화 전문화원의 세대교체가 이루어지고 건축화의 표현양식도 변화하였다. 조선 후기 궁중 소용 건축화의 혁신은 궁중회화의 주문자이자 최종 감상자이며, 궁중화원들의 활동을 후원한 조선 후기 국왕들의 의지와 취향이 반영된 결과라 할 수 있다.
One of the outstanding phenomena in court painting during the late Joseon Dynasty period is the rapidly increased production of paintings and visual materials where the images of buildings including royal palaces and pavilions were reproduced. At the court during the late Joseon Dynasty period, such architectural images were translated into forms including the paintings of court ceremonies, palaces, and cities, the paintings for decorating court, the illustrations in the Royal Protocol for the Construction of Royal Tomb (Sanreung Dogam Uigwe), the Royal Protocol for the Construction of the Palace (Yeonggeon Dogam Uigwe), and the Royal Protocol for Court Banquet (Yeonhyang Uigwe), and independent architectural designs. Their common characteristics include the use of a large screen, the exquisite deployment of architectural painting methods called gyehwa techniques, and the precise expression of details. This study examines the paintings and visual materials through which the architecture of the court was reproduced in the late Joseon Dynasty period from an architectural painting perspective. It verifies concretely that a growing number of architectural paintings were created within the field of court painting during this period, and casts light on the specific activities of court painters in waiting (chabi daeryeong hwawon, 差備待令畫員). In the court paintings during the late Joseon Dynasty period, architectural structures including palaces and public offices served as the venues for national and royal ceremonies to be held as well as the political spaces on which the rule of state was based. Also, in decorative paintings for court, palaces and pavilions were the places that symbolized a long, blessed, and glorious life, and pavilions were also among the kings’ favorite things. In addition, kings apparently loved subjects that required images of huge buildings such as a painting of a city or the painting of tribute mission to the son of heaven, and frequently set them as contest themes. The increased need for architectural paintings at court is verified by the Records of Daily Affairs Kept By Gyujanggak (Naegakilryeok) showing how many times architectural themes were set for the pavilion painting category and the figure and folk painting category of competitive examinations (nokchwijae, 祿取才) to give a government post that provided a stipend to selected court painters in waiting. Moreover, by examining the three documents of the Court Records of Folding Screens (Byeongpung Balgi) written in the late 19th century, this study identifies that numerous decorative paintings for the court featured architectural elements as their spatial background. Lastly, this study analyzes the activities of the artists who led the development of architectural painting in the late 19th century based on the architectural-painting-related results of the examinations. This analysis uncovers that Park Insu (朴仁秀) was one of the court painters in waiting who led the development of court architectural painting during the period from King Jeongjo’s reign (1776~1800) to King Sunjo’s reign (1800~1834). Afterward, a new generation of painters that were specialized in architectural painting replaced the old generation, and the form of expression changed during King Heonjong’s reign (1834~1849). It can be said that the innovation of the court architectural painting in the late Joseon Dynasty period was sparked by the will and preference of the kings during the late Joseon Dynasty period, as they were the ultimate customers who commissioned and appreciated the court paintings and sponsored the activities of the court painters.