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This article traces the way of how the Republicanism became rooted as the Chinese political system, which had introduced to china as a representative form of western democratic political system in late nineteenth century and how its characteristics were formed. Based on these speculations, it is aimed at examining the future of democracy, which is the biggest task for present China.
Although it was the reformists insisting on the reform of political system to the constitutional monarchy who had introduced the Republican political system to China first, it was the revolutionists, leading power of the 1911 Revolution, who actively urged to transfer to republican system. Through the 1911 Revolution, the emperor system was ended which had been maintained over 2000 years and the first republican country of Asia was successfully emerged. However the newborn China was republic only in appearance, lacking the people with republican consciousness. The premature aspect was revealed either by the revival movement of emperor system led by Yuan Shi-kai or by the confused fight among warlords after the death of Yuan Shi-kai. The subsequent May Fourth Movement claimed to stand for the new cultural movement, in fact, put its target to create the people with republican consciousness, which was prerequisite for the substantial revolution of republicanism. It is why the May Fourth Movement is evaluated as the second revolution of republicanism.
The Nationalist Revolution which was started from the reorganization of the Guomindang in 1924 led to the birth of centralized authoritarian nation state, that is, the Nanjing Nationalist Government, owing to the territorial and political unification, though imperfect. However it is hard to take the Nanjing Nationalist Government as the establishment of genuine nation state in terms of the following aspects: First, the party state system of the Nanjing Nationalist Government, basically founded on the political discipline and the rule by party, assumed the people need to be enlightened and disciplined. Second, it negated the constitutional government which had been regarded as the most essential goal since the formation of the Republic of China. Hence, I consider the party state system was a form in transition period toward the nation state. I would call it "Chinese style nation state", that is, a nation state with unique characteristic because of the historical circumstances of modem China in which the national unification and the independence could not but be emphasized.
After the establishment of Nanjing Nationalist Government in 1928, diverse actions for democracy were displayed, for example, several times of anti Chiang Kai-shek or anti-central War by warlords, and the movements for constitutionalism by various powers. These were, in a sense, attempts to go beyond the limitations of "Chinese style nation state". However, the full-scale war between China and Japan, prolonged for 8 years since 1937, made all these attempts for democracy useless, and then the limitations were handed over to the political system of Chinese Communist Party which finally emerged as new central power at the end of the Sino-Japanese War. From this speculation, it is reasonable to describe the relationship between the present political system of Chinese Communist Party and the party state system of Guomindang as half brothers.
Considering the diverse phenomena displayed in China since 1980s, for example, rapid economic development and the pervasion of differentiation between state and society, progress to the information-oriented society, and division of power by the districts and minority races, i.e., the increasing demand for local autonomy, it would be inevitable to carry out the fundamental reform of the party state system in near future.
Although it was the reformists insisting on the reform of political system to the constitutional monarchy who had introduced the Republican political system to China first, it was the revolutionists, leading power of the 1911 Revolution, who actively urged to transfer to republican system. Through the 1911 Revolution, the emperor system was ended which had been maintained over 2000 years and the first republican country of Asia was successfully emerged. However the newborn China was republic only in appearance, lacking the people with republican consciousness. The premature aspect was revealed either by the revival movement of emperor system led by Yuan Shi-kai or by the confused fight among warlords after the death of Yuan Shi-kai. The subsequent May Fourth Movement claimed to stand for the new cultural movement, in fact, put its target to create the people with republican consciousness, which was prerequisite for the substantial revolution of republicanism. It is why the May Fourth Movement is evaluated as the second revolution of republicanism.
The Nationalist Revolution which was started from the reorganization of the Guomindang in 1924 led to the birth of centralized authoritarian nation state, that is, the Nanjing Nationalist Government, owing to the territorial and political unification, though imperfect. However it is hard to take the Nanjing Nationalist Government as the establishment of genuine nation state in terms of the following aspects: First, the party state system of the Nanjing Nationalist Government, basically founded on the political discipline and the rule by party, assumed the people need to be enlightened and disciplined. Second, it negated the constitutional government which had been regarded as the most essential goal since the formation of the Republic of China. Hence, I consider the party state system was a form in transition period toward the nation state. I would call it "Chinese style nation state", that is, a nation state with unique characteristic because of the historical circumstances of modem China in which the national unification and the independence could not but be emphasized.
After the establishment of Nanjing Nationalist Government in 1928, diverse actions for democracy were displayed, for example, several times of anti Chiang Kai-shek or anti-central War by warlords, and the movements for constitutionalism by various powers. These were, in a sense, attempts to go beyond the limitations of "Chinese style nation state". However, the full-scale war between China and Japan, prolonged for 8 years since 1937, made all these attempts for democracy useless, and then the limitations were handed over to the political system of Chinese Communist Party which finally emerged as new central power at the end of the Sino-Japanese War. From this speculation, it is reasonable to describe the relationship between the present political system of Chinese Communist Party and the party state system of Guomindang as half brothers.
Considering the diverse phenomena displayed in China since 1980s, for example, rapid economic development and the pervasion of differentiation between state and society, progress to the information-oriented society, and division of power by the districts and minority races, i.e., the increasing demand for local autonomy, it would be inevitable to carry out the fundamental reform of the party state system in near future.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 제일차공화혁명과 중화민국의 수립
Ⅲ. 공화정치의 수난과 제이차공화혁명
Ⅳ. 국민혁명과 국민국가의 모색
Ⅴ. 당국체제 하의 민주주의
Ⅵ. 맺음말-중국 민주주의의 전망
〈Abstract〉
참고문헌 (82)
참고문헌 신청
1. [단행본] - 劉軍寧 / 1998 / 共和·民主·憲政 / 三聯書店 : 103 ~ 115
2. [단행본] - Giovanni Satori / 1976 / Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis / Cambridge University Press
3. [단행본] - William C. Kirby / 2000 / The Nationalist Regime and the Chinese Party State, 1928~1958, In Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia / Harvard University Pr.
4. [학술지(정기간행물)] - 江沛 / 2006 / 中國國民黨黨國體制述評 / 安徽史學
5. [학위논문] - 전용만 / 1996 / 中國同盟會의 “공화주의”연구 / 박사 / 서강대학교
2. [단행본] - Giovanni Satori / 1976 / Parties and Party Systems: A Framework for Analysis / Cambridge University Press
3. [단행본] - William C. Kirby / 2000 / The Nationalist Regime and the Chinese Party State, 1928~1958, In Historical Perspectives on Contemporary East Asia / Harvard University Pr.
4. [학술지(정기간행물)] - 江沛 / 2006 / 中國國民黨黨國體制述評 / 安徽史學
5. [학위논문] - 전용만 / 1996 / 中國同盟會의 “공화주의”연구 / 박사 / 서강대학교
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