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Examined in this article, are the changes that the Jeongdong Haengseong 征東行省 office(which was originally designed to accommodate the preparation for the Japanese campaign) had gone through around 1299, and the intentions and plans that one of the Haengseong officials, a person named Gorgis(闊里吉思), had for the Goryeo situation.
First of all, the meaning of several particular time points such as 1283 and 1299 is evaluated. Previous studies regarding the Jeongdong Haengseong office, usually began by examining the mid-1270s when preparations for the Japanese campaign were heating up, and those studies considered the late 1280s very importantly, as those years were when the Yuan imperial government started to request the mobilization of Goryeo troops and provision of food, in order to neutralize the Nayan insurgency(乃顔亂) that broke out in the Northeast region of the empire. On the other hand, in those studies years like 1283 and 1299 were rather oddly ignored. 1283 is recorded as the year when the Jeongdong Haengseong office was officially established, according to the Baekgwan-ji(Records of the Governmental Structure and Its history) chapter inside the Wonsa(Annals of Yuan). And while 1299 marked the increase in the number of officials inside Jeongdong Haengseong, this year also saw the office being transformed into a new kind of entity armed with substantial administrative power, and starting to devise new policies to address the situations that were going on inside Goryeo. Reviewing the changes of Jeongdong Haengseong, with keeping the meaning of these years in mind, could bring us to new understandings of the history of Goryeo in this time period.
Second, the administrative changes attempted upon the official and customary practices of Goryeo by a person named Gorgis are examined. Gorgis, who was appointed to the seat of Pyeongjangjeongsa (the second highest rank inside the normal Haengseong hierarchy structure) in 1299, tried to make some changes to Goryeo's domestic customs and general practices, either official or customary. In the early days, Jeongdong Haengseong was not equipped with actual officials, except the Goryeo king who shared the seat of Seungsang, the head of the Haengseong office. Yet by appointing Gorgis and others to a number of administrative posts inside the Haengseong office, Yuan government literally transformed this once nominal office to a more substantial one. And as a person leading and running that new entity, Gorgis intended to implement several reform plans which were targeting many areas inside the Goryeo administration. And he also tackled the issue of determining the social class(either ordinary or humble) of persons, who were either hybrids born from a ordinaryhumble couple or individuals who were illegally obtained by other entities. His attempts had very much to do with his own activities that he displayed inside the Yuan government and the intentions that he revealed while he was serving as magistrates of several local regions inside the Yuan territory. At the time, Yuan government finally expelled the last Muslim prime minister in 1291 and embarked upon a series of political reforms, which intended to purge the government of overtaxation practices, to reestablish integrity in terms of governmental appointments and operations, and to significantly reduce the size of both the government and local authorities. Mirroring those intentions, even a new legal code, termed as the ‘New codes of the Jiwon era(1264-1294)’ was promulgated. And Gorgis was part of the group of officials who were behind all these political reforms and the government's taking of a new direction in governing the empire. He had also exercised similar reforms when he was serving as magistrates in various regions. And considering his earlier inclinations and job performances, it is almost natural that he ventured to conduct similar reforms under the intention of ‘bettering’ the internal practices of Goryeo, when he was appointed to the number-two seat of Jeongdong Haengseong. Yet in the process, he went too far, and by tackling the aforementioned ‘determining social class’ issue he ultimately breached one of the most traditional principles that Goryeo had maintained for a long time regarding the people's social ranks. Goryeo government's resistance ensued, and finally the Yuan government recalled Gorgis to home, fearing that Gorgis' attempts would too much disrupt the internal situation and customs of Goryeo which former emperor Qubilai specifically dictated not to be touched or alterd.
After all these examinations, the evaluation of the historical meaning of Gorgis' attempts should be provided as well. Some of Gorgis' recommendations for the Goryeo reform were rejected by the Goryeo government and dropped completely, but some of them went forward under the authorization of the Yuan empire, resulting in certain changes to the existing Goryeo practices in the process. Previously, although it continued to impose significant political influence upon the Goryeo government, Yuan government generally refrained from changing certain aspects inside the Goryeo society. Yet, with establishing a more solid power base inside Goryeo(the ‘substantialized’ Jeongdong Haengseong office), albeit temporarily, Yuan government started to display a new position, which was one of requesting the Goryeo government to undergo a series of political reforms, similar to the reforms that were going on inside Yuan. This kind of situation effectively reveals the complex nature of the Yuan-Goryeo relationship at the time, and shows us that the period of 1299-1300, when Gorgis was serving as the runner of Jeongdong Haengseong, was indeed the turning point for the so-called ‘Yuan intervention period’, which lasted from the 1260s through the 1360s.
First of all, the meaning of several particular time points such as 1283 and 1299 is evaluated. Previous studies regarding the Jeongdong Haengseong office, usually began by examining the mid-1270s when preparations for the Japanese campaign were heating up, and those studies considered the late 1280s very importantly, as those years were when the Yuan imperial government started to request the mobilization of Goryeo troops and provision of food, in order to neutralize the Nayan insurgency(乃顔亂) that broke out in the Northeast region of the empire. On the other hand, in those studies years like 1283 and 1299 were rather oddly ignored. 1283 is recorded as the year when the Jeongdong Haengseong office was officially established, according to the Baekgwan-ji(Records of the Governmental Structure and Its history) chapter inside the Wonsa(Annals of Yuan). And while 1299 marked the increase in the number of officials inside Jeongdong Haengseong, this year also saw the office being transformed into a new kind of entity armed with substantial administrative power, and starting to devise new policies to address the situations that were going on inside Goryeo. Reviewing the changes of Jeongdong Haengseong, with keeping the meaning of these years in mind, could bring us to new understandings of the history of Goryeo in this time period.
Second, the administrative changes attempted upon the official and customary practices of Goryeo by a person named Gorgis are examined. Gorgis, who was appointed to the seat of Pyeongjangjeongsa (the second highest rank inside the normal Haengseong hierarchy structure) in 1299, tried to make some changes to Goryeo's domestic customs and general practices, either official or customary. In the early days, Jeongdong Haengseong was not equipped with actual officials, except the Goryeo king who shared the seat of Seungsang, the head of the Haengseong office. Yet by appointing Gorgis and others to a number of administrative posts inside the Haengseong office, Yuan government literally transformed this once nominal office to a more substantial one. And as a person leading and running that new entity, Gorgis intended to implement several reform plans which were targeting many areas inside the Goryeo administration. And he also tackled the issue of determining the social class(either ordinary or humble) of persons, who were either hybrids born from a ordinaryhumble couple or individuals who were illegally obtained by other entities. His attempts had very much to do with his own activities that he displayed inside the Yuan government and the intentions that he revealed while he was serving as magistrates of several local regions inside the Yuan territory. At the time, Yuan government finally expelled the last Muslim prime minister in 1291 and embarked upon a series of political reforms, which intended to purge the government of overtaxation practices, to reestablish integrity in terms of governmental appointments and operations, and to significantly reduce the size of both the government and local authorities. Mirroring those intentions, even a new legal code, termed as the ‘New codes of the Jiwon era(1264-1294)’ was promulgated. And Gorgis was part of the group of officials who were behind all these political reforms and the government's taking of a new direction in governing the empire. He had also exercised similar reforms when he was serving as magistrates in various regions. And considering his earlier inclinations and job performances, it is almost natural that he ventured to conduct similar reforms under the intention of ‘bettering’ the internal practices of Goryeo, when he was appointed to the number-two seat of Jeongdong Haengseong. Yet in the process, he went too far, and by tackling the aforementioned ‘determining social class’ issue he ultimately breached one of the most traditional principles that Goryeo had maintained for a long time regarding the people's social ranks. Goryeo government's resistance ensued, and finally the Yuan government recalled Gorgis to home, fearing that Gorgis' attempts would too much disrupt the internal situation and customs of Goryeo which former emperor Qubilai specifically dictated not to be touched or alterd.
After all these examinations, the evaluation of the historical meaning of Gorgis' attempts should be provided as well. Some of Gorgis' recommendations for the Goryeo reform were rejected by the Goryeo government and dropped completely, but some of them went forward under the authorization of the Yuan empire, resulting in certain changes to the existing Goryeo practices in the process. Previously, although it continued to impose significant political influence upon the Goryeo government, Yuan government generally refrained from changing certain aspects inside the Goryeo society. Yet, with establishing a more solid power base inside Goryeo(the ‘substantialized’ Jeongdong Haengseong office), albeit temporarily, Yuan government started to display a new position, which was one of requesting the Goryeo government to undergo a series of political reforms, similar to the reforms that were going on inside Yuan. This kind of situation effectively reveals the complex nature of the Yuan-Goryeo relationship at the time, and shows us that the period of 1299-1300, when Gorgis was serving as the runner of Jeongdong Haengseong, was indeed the turning point for the so-called ‘Yuan intervention period’, which lasted from the 1260s through the 1360s.
#闊里吉思
#征東行省
#良賤判定
#至元新格
#제도개변
#Gorgis
#Jeongdong Haengseong(local office of authority established in Goryeo for the Japanese campaign)
#Determining the social class(either ordinary or humble) of a person whose status is unclear
#'New Codes of the Jiwon era(1264-1294)'
#Changes made to the official and customary practices
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 1299년 이전 정동행성의 변화과정
Ⅲ. 1299년 활리길사의 부임과 개변시도
Ⅳ. 활리길사 개변시도의 결과
Ⅴ. 맺음말
〈ABSTRACT〉
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