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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
서울대학교 미국학연구소 미국학 미국학 제31권 제2호
발행연도
2008.1
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3 - 27 (25page)

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My paper is a survey of the development of American colleges and universities beginning with the establishment of Harvard College. Whether private or public, these schools were subject to considerable degree of State control, and depended heavily on financial assistance of their state government until the mid-19th century. The more schools turned to their state government, the more intervention and control they suffered from the State authority. Every State in the union jealously maintained its hold on education in general and higher education in particular. It was this State-centered educational politics that, I believe, defeated George Washington's aspiration to establish a national university in Washington, D. C. in the 1790's. Some degree of finanical relief and stimulus came to these schools when the Federal Government enancted the Morrill Act or Land Grant Act in 1864 giving various States a tremendous amount of federal land to finance their higher education needs. Thanks to this law, many agricultural and technical colleges and universities were founded and those poor schools gained a lease on life and become financially solvent. The most striking about this federal policy was that States were given full discretion as to how this aid should be used and that the central government did not intervene in States' educational management and revenue from the sale of the federal lands. The respect the central government accorded to local and State oriented educational practices was the most distinctive hallmark of the American higher education. The same policy pattern was repeated in the so-called G. I Bill in 1944 which gave the 15 million vetrans of the World War II substantial scholarships to obtain college education. My paper also explores the ways in which American higher education grew and expanded. The emergence of many fine and comprehensive and research multiversitties and two year community colleges after 1945 owed greatly to this legislation. Noteworthy was the fact that as was the case with the Morrill Act, the G. I. Bill did not allow the federal government to interfere with the management of the scholarship by the States. However, this tradition of local control of higher education seems to be on decline as the federal government has recently become more intrusive in affirmative action and financial aid matters. Finally, my paper examines the various problems and issues of controversy facing modern American universities and colleges, especially in the area of undergraduate education, such as the commercialization of higher learning, poor writing programs, and the mundaneness of student culture.
#미국 고등 교육 #미국사 #교육재정 #정부정책 #학부교육 #US Higher Education #American history #Education Finance #Government Policy #Undergraduate Education

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참고문헌 (18)

참고문헌 신청
/ 2008 / Editorial / The New York Times, June 10, 2008 : A22 ~ google schola Alan Finder / 2008 / At One University, Tobacco Money is Not Taboo: It’s a Secret / The New York Times, May 22, 2008, A1, 29 : A1 ~ 29 google schola Alan Finder / 2008 / Yale Plans to Increase Spending From Its Endowment, With Financial Aid to Benefit / The New York Times, Jan. 8, 2008, A12 : A12 ~ google schola Allen Bloom / 1987 / The Closing of the American Mind google schola Bernard Bailyn / 1960 / Education in the Forming of American Society: Needs and Opportunities for Study / University of N. Carolina Press : 42 ~ 46 google schola

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