여성과 민족 혹은 국가의 관계 문제는 구체적 상황을 바탕으로 조망해야하며, 특히 일제 시대 여성 문제의 경우 식민지라는 조건을 바탕으로 구명해야 한다. 일제가 식민지에서 시행한 여성 교육의 이념은 일본에서와 마찬가지로 ‘양처현모’였으나, 일본의 경우 여성도 국민이라는 것을 바탕으로 여성 참정권을 요구하거나 모성 보호를 요구하는 식으로 여성의 독자성을 추구해 나갈 수 있었던 반면에 식민지 조선에서 실시한 양처현모 교육은 탈정치화된 가족주의의 테두리에서 이루어졌다. 그 결과 일본이 여성을 전쟁에 동원하려고 했을 때 이미 국가에 포섭되어 있던 일본 여성들은 이에 적극 호응했을 뿐 아니라 이들을 군인으로 나라(천황)에 바친다는 생각도 국민의 어머니로서 당연한 의무로 자연스럽게 받아들였다. 그러나 일본과 역사적 전통이 다를 뿐 아니라 식민지 지배를 받으면서 공적 영역에 참여할 기회를 거의 가지지 못했던 조선 여성들은 전쟁 참여와 자식 희생에 매우 부정적이었다. 일제는 일본 여성들을 본받자는 운동을 전개하고 각종 선전물들을 쏟아 내었다. 식민지 조선에서 교육과 문필에 종사하던 일부 여성들은 이러한 전쟁 동원에 협력했다. 특히 당시 모성의 자리로 회귀하는 여성, 절대적인 존재에 자신을 던지는 여성상을 그리던 작가 최정희는 자식을 위해서 자신을 버리는 군국의 어머니를 그려내었다. 최정희에게서 여성 주체의식의 미약은 쉽게 식민주의와 전쟁에 협력하는 길을 밟게 했다. 그러나 최정희가 그린 군국의 어머니는 일제가 요구하는 바 ‘황국신민’으로서의 자각을 가진 양처현모이기보다는 ‘삼종지도’를 지키며 자식의 결정을 따르는 어머니였다는 점에서 전쟁 협력의 경우에도 일본과 식민지 조선의 여성은 그 차이를 드러내고 있다. 이처럼 식민지 여성의 ‘국가’에 대한 저항과 협력은 식민주의 본국에서의 여성의 저항과 협력과는 양상을 달리 하며, 식민지에서 여성적 자의식은 민족적 자의식과 배치되거나 모순되는 것이 아니라 오히려 서로를 상승시키거나 하강시키는 역할을 하고 있는 것이다.
The problem of women and nationalism must be examined in its concrete reality, the colonial context. In drafting Korean men as Japanese soldier, the greatest obstacle that the Japanese imperial authorities faced was the familism of Korean mothers, who opposed the conscription of their sons. Because of dissimilarities in historical experience and the reality of women, the way in which women were mobilized in Japan, the metropolis, and Korea, its colony, differed. By exploring the reasons for such differences, this paper intends to explore the problem of women and nationalism in the colonial context. The ideology of "wise mothers and good wives," which the Japanese imperialists established as their principle in educating women, was applied differently in Japan and Korea. In Japan, this ideology was first selected as the cornerstone of women's education in 1890, in turn demanding and giving rise to the concept of 'militaristic mothers' amidst the ultranationalistic atmosphere of the First Sino-Japanese War(1894-1895) and the Russo-Japanese War. Also called "atarashii onna(new women)," members and readers of Seito―the first women's magazine published in Japan-created a sensation and drew much attention by opposing the idea of "wise mothers and good wives," which had been strengthened after the Russo-Japanese War, and by claiming women's uniqueness and autonomy. Subsequently, they demanded the suffrage of women not as the nation's wives or mothers but as citizens enjoying rights equal to those of men and, citing women's particularity as a reason, the state protection of motherhood. Indeed, mobilization held many different-and desirable-meanings to various groups of women. To "wise mothers and good wives." the war effort signified the honor of becoming 'militaristic mothers' ; suffragists, on the other hand, saw in the expanded chance for participation in the public arena a hope for women's suffrage; and those women demanding government protection of motherhood regarded the expansion of the role of the state as a sign of the ultimate realization of the welfare state. Made aware of their civic duties only in the last years of the Great Korean(Taehan) Empire, Korean women, on the other hand, could no longer call themselves "citizens" or pursue autonomy in the name of 'citizenry" because their country had been colonized. Conscious of themselves as both women and members of the Korean, most of the "new women" of Korea had actively participated in the March First Independence Movement (1919) but lacked a state that could actualize their unique demands such as those for suffrage and the protection of motherhood. Moreover, following annexation by Japan in 1910, the brand of education granted to women in Korea was based on the concepts of "wise mothers and good wives" and "wifely virtues," which did not go beyond familism. With the prolongation and expansion of the war, however, the Japanese imperialists likewise had to impose civic duties on Korean women, who hitherto had been confined to their families as 'wise mothers and good wives" and carefully controlled so as to prevent any unwanted surge of nationalistic sentiments. As far as Japanese women were concerned, the duty of raising and sacrificing their sons to the Imperial Army was neither novel nor special because the conscription system had been initiated from early on. Indeed, Japanese women were accustomed to the role of being "militaristic mothers" It was precisely in order to supplement the increasing shortage of manpower near the end of the war that the Japanese authorities legislated the Law for the Protection of Mothers and Sons and the National Eugenic Law: motherhood was being protected not for its own sake but for the birth and rearing of many healthy soldiers. Unlike their Japanese sisters, Korean women were not encouraged to be fertile. What the Japanese imperialists emphasized to colonial women in implementing voluntary enlistment in 1938 and, in particular, draft orders in 1943, instead, was none but the emulation of the "wifely virtues" of their Japanese sisters and, as "militaristic mothers" the "voluntary" sacrifice of their sons to a war waged for and by Japan. However, for the women of Korea, a Japanese colony, the idea of sacrificing their sons to the state as "citizens" was an extremely foreign one. This was because Korean women were unfamiliar with the warrior-centered historical experience of their Japanese sisters and because the concept of "wise mothers and good wives" applied to these colonial subjects was strictly limited to that of familism. The colonial authorities therefore proceeded with various forms of propaganda war. One strategy involved the translation into Korean of accounts of exemplary soldier's wives and mothers from Japanese history. At the same time, the Japanese imperialists sought to find similar models of militaristic mothers' in Korean history and to create a new image of 'militaristic mothers' appropriate to the colonial context. Due to disparate historical experience. however, they succeeded in unearthing the case only of the mother of Kim Won-sul, a hwarang (aristocratic warrior) of the Silla era (57 BC-935 AD). Likewise, several male writers authored works of fiction that embellish Kim's mother or wife as an example of 'militaristic mothers' or present as the heroines Korean women who ardently wishes to emulate Nogi's wife. Choi Jeong-hui a Korean woman writer, penned several pro-Japanese short stories such as "Yumyungt(The Dawn)" and "Yagukcho(Notes on Wild Chrysanthemums)," which thematize the concept of 'militaristic mothers' through Korean women in the last days of Japanese colonialism. The mothers in her works vow that they will no longer be skeptical of the war but become courageous 'militaristic mothers' so as not to confuse their young sons, who receive military education at school. In addition, these heroines think that raising their sons as model soldiers of the Imperial Army and being strong 'militaristic mothers' themselves are the only ways in which they can "avenge" themselves on their heartless husbands, who have deserted them. In other words, the 'militaristic mothers' in Choi's works are dissimilar from the image of 'militaristic mothers' demanded by the Japanese authorities: they do not inculcate their sons with a sense of pride and responsibility as subjects of the Japanese Emperor and calmly send the boys off to the battlefield, never shedding a tear. As far as the author herself is concerned, this is consistent because she had always depicted women who are willing to renounce everything for their children. The fact that not only Choi but also all other Korean women writers of the era failed to portray more successful images of "militaristic mothers," however, is a sign of the wide gulf in the reality faced by the women of Japan and Korea. As has been examined above, the role forced on Korean women was that of "wise mothers and good wives" and "militaristic mothers." But colonial education based on the concept of "wise mothers and good wives" developed in the direction of depoliticization for Korean women, which proved to be something of a compromising dilemma for the Japanese imperialists as they later sought to deploy the motherhood of these women in the war, Because of historical experience disparate from that of their Japanese sisters, Korean women rejected the image of 'militaristic mothers' imposed on them by the colonial authorities, Even when received by some Korean writers, this image was abstracted or modified from "wise mothers" to mothers who shower their children with nearly blind devotion.
AI 요약
연구주제
연구배경
연구방법
연구결과
주요내용
목차
[국문 초록] 1. 머리말 2. 양처현모주의: 일본 여성의 국민화와 조선 여성의 탈정치화 3. 태평양 전쟁과 모성 동원: 일본 여성의 다산 장려와 조선 여성의 자식 희생 4. 식민지 여성의 국가와 민족: 군국의 어머니 되기와 최정희의 소설 5. 맺음말 참고문헌 [Abstract]