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In many clinical situations which cause thymic in- volution and thereby result in immune deficiency,T cells are the most often affected,leading to a prolonged deficiency of T cells.Since only the thymic-dependent T cell production pathway secures stable regeneration of fully mature T cells,seeking strategies to enhance thymic regeneration should be a key step in developing therapeutic methods for the treatment of these sig- nificant clinical problems.This study clearly shows that receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL) stim- ulates mouse thymic epithelial cell activities including cell proliferation,thymocyte adhesion to thymic epi-thelial cells, and the expression of cell death regulatory genes favoring cell survival, cell adhesion molecules such as ICAM-1 and VCAM-1, and thymopoietic factors including IL-7. Importantly, RANKL exhibited a sig- nificant capability to facilitate thymic regeneration in mice.In addition,this study demonstrates that RANKL acts directly on the thymus to activate thymus re- generation regardless of its potential influences on thymic regeneration through an indirect or systemic effect.In light of this,the present study provides a greater insight into the development of novel ther- apeutic strategies for effective thymus repopulation using RANKL in the design of therapies for many clin- ical conditions in which immune reconstitution is required.

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