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This paper studies the celadon excavated from the site of Yeongtongsa Temple, a royal Buddhist temple located in the city of Gaeseong, North Korea. Using historical records, the study confirms the period of existence of the Yeongtongsa Temple, before it was restored in 2005, and verifies that the Temple comprised a Jinjeon, a hall that housed the portrait of the King for the purpose of conducting ancestral rites for the royal family. Based on these records, the paper reviews the changes that took place in the temple throughout the years and closely examines the celadon that were excavated from this site to determine their distinct features and thereby arrive at the following conclusions: First, Yeongtongsa Temple was established in the early years of the Goryeo Dynasty and existed until the Japanese Invasions of Korea in the sixteenth century, before it was restored in 2005. The temple thrived for approximately fifty years after it was designated a Jinjeon Temple, a royal temple, by King Euijong to commemorate his father and previous King Injong. Therefore, the heyday of the temple was during the 12th century, particularly during the later years of the 1100’s. Second, the site of Yeongtongsa Temple can be divided into three strata. After the temple was established, the first change, which brought about the division of strata, took place during the second quarter of the 12th century, and the second change occurred during the earlier half of the 14th century. Third, daily objects such as bowls and dishes were found in all strata of the site, whereas special-purpose objects, such as cup stands and incense burners, albeit small in number, were found in the stratum following the establishment of the jinjeon, the Royal Hall. Most of the celadon excavated from the site displayed connections to products of Gangjin-gun and Buan-gun. A small number of celadon discovered from this site shared similarities with products of Baechun-gun Wonsan-ri and Haenam-gun Jinsan-ri. Fourth, the celadon excavated from the site of Yeongtongsa Temple could be grouped into different categories according to the channels through which they were supplied. Material needed for conducting ancestral rites for the royal court, including celadon, appear to have been procured through Bongseongo Storage. However, when the ceremonies were presided by high officials, the ritual objects were most likely prepared individually. Although only a small number of celadon pieces are reported to have been discovered from the site of Yeongtongsa Temple, and they were not available for hands-on inspection, it is hoped that this paper will serve as a new reference for the study of the distribution of celadon within the city of Gaesong, and that future reports on celadon excavated from royal Buddhist temples of Gaesong will allow further insight into the consumption patterns of these vessels.
이 글에서는 개성에 위치한 왕실사찰인 영통사지에서 출토된 청자를 연구 대상으로 삼았다. 사료 검토를 통해 사찰의 존속 시기와 진전사찰(眞殿寺刹)로서의 내력을 확인하고, 이어서 가람의 변화와 출토 청자의 양상에 대해 파악했다. 그리고 청자가 가진 특징과 의미를 도출하였다. 이를 통해 얻은 연구 성과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 영통사는 고려 초 창건되어 임진왜란 이전까지 존속했던 사찰이었다. 특히 의종대(毅宗代)에 선왕 인종(仁宗)의 진전사찰로 지정된 뒤 약 50여 년간 전성기를 누렸다. 즉, 영통사의 전성기는 12세기이며 제한적으로는 12세기 후반에 해당한다. 둘째, 영통사지는 총 3기층으로 구분할 수 있었다. 창건 후 첫 번째 변화 시기는 12세기 2/4분기로 보았으며, 두 번째 변화 시기는 14세기 전반으로 파악했다. 셋째, 발, 접시와 같은 생활용 기명은 전 기층에서 발견되었고, 잔탁, 향로와 같은 특수 기종의 수량은 적었으나 진전 설치 이후의 것들이었다. 출토 청자 대부분은 강진, 부안 생산품과 연관성이 깊었으나, 배천 원산리, 해남 진산리 유형의 청자도 소량 확인할 수 있었다. 넷째, 치러지는 행사에 따라 청자의 공급 경로를 각기 다르게 제시했다. 왕실 기신재(忌辰齋)가 있을 경우 청자와 필요한 재원이 봉선고(奉先庫)를 통해 조달되었을 것으로 판단했다. 고위 관료들이 행사를 주관할 경우 개별적으로 기물을 조달했을 것으로 보았다. 보고된 청자의 수량이 극히 적고, 자료를 실견할 수 없었던 점은 본 연구의 한계이지만 개성 내 청자 유통의 새로운 사례로서 참고가 될 수 있을 것이다. 향후 개성 왕실사찰 출토 청자가 추가로 보고되어 소비의 특징을 개괄할 수 있게 되기를 기대한다.
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