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This paper explores the history of the study of apocalypticism and its directions. I define terms for this study as follows: (1) apocalypse may indicate a literary genre; (2) apocalyptic is used adjectivally; (3) I define apocalypticism as a phenomenon showing a particular attitude of mind, which includes supernatural revelation, the heavenly world, and eschatological judgment; (4) the definition of the teen apocalypticism is not the end of the study, but its starting point. The apocalyptic genre is intimately connected with contemporary ideological conflict. Both the establishment and the counter-establishment may use the apocalyptic genre. When this conflict is clarified in an individual piece of apocalyptic literature, not only the definition of apocalypticism but also its more profound understanding, are possible. We can suppose several stages in the history of the study of apocalypticism. In the first stage, the study of apocalypticism was shadowed by Wellhausen, whose approach is characterized by the literary- critical method with a rigorous examination of the available source material. Following Wellhausen, R. H. Charles achieves two jobs: first, to relate apocalypticism to prophecy; second, to make a literary examination of apocalyptic writings to validate historicity and the theology of the authors. In the second stage, H. Gunkel began to study apocalypticism in its own terms, but ascribed its origin to several elements foreign to Israel. In the third stage, scholars tried to find its origin among Israelite indigenous element. Scholars such as Frost, Ploeger and Hanson focused on eschatology, presupposing that the Book of Daniel(Daniel, hereafter) is the first and ideal apocalypse. This kind of study can be regarded as Daniel-oriented study of apocalypticism. For new directions in the study of apocalypticism, I suggest three issues: the significance of 1 Enoch, the importance of balancing Daniel-oriented study and I Enoch-oriented study, and the significance of canonical analysis as a method for the study of apocalypticism. Two streams have dominated recent study of apocalypticism: Daniel-oriented study and 1 Enoch-oriented study. Daniel-oriented study presupposes that Daniel is the earliest apocalypse, as well as a good example of the genre of apocalypse. Daniel - oriented study emphasizes that the main feature of apocalypticism is imminent eschatology and its historical situation is persecution. Danieloriented study was challenged with the discovery of the Aramaic document of 1 Enoch in the Dead Sea Scrolls, which shows that the Book of Watchers(BW, hereafter) and the Astronomical Book were earlier than Daniel. Scholarly interest in BW focused on how BW differed from Daniel: no emphasis on imminent eschatology, and more interest in cosmology, stemming from Heavenly Ascent and Law Traditions. My study shows that canonical analysis, suggesting that writings shows responses to the canonical Torah, is more available in the study of apocalypticism. According to my study, both Daniel and BW were shaped as different responses to the canonical Torah. BW, the first book in 1 Enoch, helps us to recognize that the Torah was differently interpreted in apocalyptic texts in the second century B.C.E. Daniel`s response to the Torah also came to be regarded as an important element in defining apocalyptic literature. Daniel and BW show different responses to the Torah.
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