三菱재벌의 岩崎久彌는 1907년 통감부의 권유로 한국에 5,000 여 町步에 달하는 거대한 규모의 토지를 매입하여 ‘東山農場’을 창설하고 식민지 소작제 농업경영에 착수하였다. 三菱은 이후 기존 일본 국내의 농업 및 목축경영지와 한국의 동산농장을 합병하여 1919년 자본금 500만원(다음해 1,000만원으로 증자)의 東山農事株式會社를 설립하였다. 한국에서의 동산농장은 경기도 수원에 조선지점을 설치하여 전라북도 지부(전주, 군산, 김제, 익산), 전남지부(나주, 영산포, 함평, 광주, 영암), 경기지부(수원, 진위, 안산, 인천출장소)에 걸쳐 설립 이후 1945년까지 꾸준히 5,000정보대의 토지를 경영하였다. 또한 1940년 강원도 평강군에 약 2,000정보에 달하는 城山農業株式會社까지 설치하여 목축 및 임업 경영에도 착수하였다. 회사의 구조는 설립자 岩崎久彌의 개인 농장 성격이 강하였는데, 그는 총 자본금 1,000만원(주식 수 10만주)가운데 설립 초기 96%의 주식을 보유하고 있었고, 이후에도 여전히 50%대의 소유율을 유지하였다. 동산농장은 식민지 한국 내 다른 일본인 대농장과 마찬가지로 고율의 소작료 징수와 곡가폭등의 상황아래 고수익을 냈다. 또한 일본인의 구미에 맞는 쌀의 생산과 수출을 위하여 일본종자로의 개량을 강요하였고, 아울러 엄청난 양의 화학비료와 과다한 노동력의 투입을 강제하였다. 또한 회사 측에서 편성한 소작인 조합을 활용하여 소작인에 대한 치밀한 감시와 소작료의 효율적 징수를 기하여 60~80%에 육박하는 고율의 소작료 징수를 강제하였다. 동산농장은 다른 일본인 지주회사와 마찬가지로 경영기간 내내 일제 공권력의 지원 하에 꾸준히 식민지 초과이윤을 확보했고, 그 과정에서 식민지 한국인은 당연히 배제되었다. 그 경영의 성격은 개발이 아닌 수탈을 목적으로 한 개량이었고, 그 개량의 비용조차 식민지에서 고율의 소작료로 충당되었다. 따라서 동산농장의 경영 성격은 다른 일본인 회사지주와 마찬가지로 반봉건적 식민지 지주제의 전형으로 규정지을 수밖에 없는 것이다.
This study analyzes The Farm of Dong-San (東山農場) of the Mitsubishi (三菱) financial combine which was the representative case of Farm Management of Agriculture of the Large Japanese Landowners under the Japanese Rule in Korea. The Farm of Dong-San which was belongs to Iwasaki (岩崎久彌) were established in 1907. The Farm of Dong-San was the typical case that showed it had an interest in Japan to realize its own interest. So, The Farm of Dong-San was consistently supported by public power of Japan since it was founded, and it could make an excess of colonial profits because it had the reciprocal relationship with Japan, carrying out faithfully Korean agriculture policy of Japan and providing monetary aid in return. The Farm of Dong-San established the huge farms that had more than five thousand Jung Bo(町步) - a kind of land measure unit - across Korea, and had about three thousand and five hundred tenants that belonged to it since 1907. Also, it made high-rate profits because it supported the policy and the monetary policy of colonial power, and cooperated with Japan in the agriculture policy by exploiting Korean labor until 1945. It means that The Farm of Dong-San was one of the huge landowner company as a individual landowner except Dong Yang Chuck Sik Co., Ltd.(東洋拓植株式會社) which was a national policy corporation in agriculture and occupied over 80% of economic production power in Korea. So, this study is aimed at investigation into colonial exploitation of agriculture management of The Farm of Dong-San because the investigation is necessary to show agricultural distortion in Korean of Japan and the ruin of Korean during the colonial period, as well as distorted modern economical development and frustrated possibility of the future growth. This study verified the reciprocal relationship between Japanese holding company and Japan's public power, exploitative colonial agriculture management, the distribution of an excess of colonial profits, semi-feudalistic structure toward Korean tenant farmers, and miserable economic states of Korean tenant farmers, through the case study of The Farm of Dong-San during the colonial period. On the basis of the study, semi-feudalistic and colonial features on Korean agriculture management of The Farm of Dong-San are the following. First of all, The Farm of Dong-San wrest agriculture from Korea earlier than any other the Large Japanese Landowners. It was a front-runner in a large scale of capital, a period of agriculture company, a process of Japan advanced into Korea, so it paved the way for the basis of plundering agriculture and lands of Korea. Especially, it continued and strengthened illegality and violence on the process of plundering lands within the close relationship with Japanese public power, making the reciprocal relationship with colonial agriculture policy of Japan during the colonial period. The Farm of Dong-San made it legalize to Japanese landowner's possession of land in Korea through executing all sort of land laws during the colonial period, expanded exploitation and management of lands in Korea through land investigation business after Japan's colonial rule, and maximized an excess of colonial profits through production and export of high-volume rice riding on Rice Products Increase Plan(産米增殖計劃), and carried out cotton increasing policy and cotton cultivating industry. Secondly, it was combined Dong-san industry Co.,Ltd. in 1919. which was spred over the world, indo-china, brazil, ect. The Farm of Dong-San in chosun that was the largest Farm in Dong-san industry Co.,Ltd. Thirdly, the violent and forcible structure of The Farm of Dong-San on Korean farmers was controlled by 'Tenant Union(小作組合)'. It had effects on Korean economically and existentially, and even personal control was possible in this structure. Fourthly, Japanese landowner's company were propagandized as what is called ‘improved agricultural method(改良農法)’ and 'agricultural modernization'. Especially, enforcement of using Japanese seeds and overdosing fertilizers of Chosun Promotion of Industry caused distorted modification. Plundering structure remade plundering mechanism rational and efficient, and the structure changed the frame consisted of landowner-tenant relation into the capital structure under the pretense of modernization and development. Improved agricultural methods, and improved seeds were evidence to show that Korea became a place of supplying food to Japan. Profits from colonial Korean increased and improved went into Japan. Fifthly, Korean were throughly excluded in the construction of the management and heavy stockholders, and profits from colonial Korean went into Japan's heavy stockholders and companies' holding funds. So Korean became exploitative targets in the process of production and improving profits. In conclusion, The Farm of Dong-San was supported by Japan's public power over 50 years during the colonial period in Korea, and was the agricultural stock holding company that did agricultural administration, and had the feature such as the government office. Also, it was one of the largest size as the individual stock holding company, and managed agricultural company in the tenant system all over Korea. In fact, The Farm of Dong-San became another power organization to colonial Korean. So, it is unreasonable to explain Korean control of the large capital that was supported by Japan's public power, and the reorganization of agricultural structure, under the pretense of modernization and development.