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초록· 키워드
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Since the later eleventh century Cologne began to become independent of the dominance of Cologne archbishops. It meant the birth of the commune which originated from northern Italian cities. At the first the communal government was led by the powerful elites(Geschlechter), who constituted a close family ties and then occupied both judicial and administrative institutions like collegium scabini and Richerzeche. In the early thirteenth century was created a town council which represented the commune in general. However, in reality the town council was monopolized always by a closed circle of the rich families in which only a few newcomers could be involved until the middle fourteenth century.
At the time the economic sources of the Geschlechter have been transformed from the long distance trade into the Zwischenhandel. In the other side there were wool traders and industrial masters like gold smith and leather trader who became wealthy in the long distance trade. They were organized in the social associations named Gaffel. Their attempt to participate in political rights came into burst a series of civil disturbances. The crisis of the Geschlechter government was brought by the revolt of the wool traders in 1370. With the inner struggle within the Geschlechter, the old regime was abolished through the new Gaffel government on the Verbundbrief in 1396.
It strove not only to prevent the monopolization of powers, but also to represent all of citizens in principle of equality on the base of associations. However, the fact that in any way power monopol could be not effectively stopped became known. It arised from on the institutional defects inherent in this government like Gebrech and cooptation as well as from the gradual elimination of common people from the political participation, which relied on the professionalization of the political and administrative activities. This situation repeatedly resulted in the Transfixbrief in 1513 as a renewed version of the Verbundbrief.
At the time the economic sources of the Geschlechter have been transformed from the long distance trade into the Zwischenhandel. In the other side there were wool traders and industrial masters like gold smith and leather trader who became wealthy in the long distance trade. They were organized in the social associations named Gaffel. Their attempt to participate in political rights came into burst a series of civil disturbances. The crisis of the Geschlechter government was brought by the revolt of the wool traders in 1370. With the inner struggle within the Geschlechter, the old regime was abolished through the new Gaffel government on the Verbundbrief in 1396.
It strove not only to prevent the monopolization of powers, but also to represent all of citizens in principle of equality on the base of associations. However, the fact that in any way power monopol could be not effectively stopped became known. It arised from on the institutional defects inherent in this government like Gebrech and cooptation as well as from the gradual elimination of common people from the political participation, which relied on the professionalization of the political and administrative activities. This situation repeatedly resulted in the Transfixbrief in 1513 as a renewed version of the Verbundbrief.
목차
1. 머리말
2. 참사회헌정과 자치권 획득
3. 참사회 지배독점과 도시의 내분
4. 1396년 ‘동맹합의규정’과 가펠참사회
5. 맺음말
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