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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 발행연도
- 2005.12
- 수록면
- 117 - 181 (65page)
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Benedict Anderson's concept of modern nations as imagined communities is useful to explain the foundation of the Occidental Republic in Part Ⅱ of Joseph Conrad's Nostromo. The process of building a modern nation is suggested here roughly as six stages. (1) Most of the Sulaco communities have recognized their colonized situation as in the statement of "We are a wonderful people, but it has always been our fate to be'-he did not say 'robbed,' but added, after a pause-'exploited!'" (2) The Occidental Republic is originated by the print-capitalism of Martin Decoud, editor of Porvonir, bulletin of Blanco party. (6) Dramatically successful military operations pave the way to the establishment of a modern nation in the third world via (3) the stage of setting up concrete action plans analyzed in Decoud's long letter to his sister in Paris, (4) the period of building up a discourse or a public opinion and (5) the phase of practicing political decisions such as the one expressed in the letter of Charles Gould, the owner of the San Tome mine, to Mr. Holroyd, imperial investor in USA, declaring that "I am forced to take up openly the plan of a provincial revolution as the only way of placing the enormous material interests involved in the prosperity and peace of Sulaco in a position of permanent safety."
Joseph Conrad does not seem to align himself with the founding ideology of the Occidental Republic. It is an utter irony that Decoud, the originator of the Occidental Republic, becomes so nihilistic that he kills himself due to the "solitude and want of faith in himself and others," i.e., his own community. Nostromo, one of the two principal founding figures, becomes extremely sceptical of the belief system of the Sulaco Creole society. It is a sad but real prospect that the disgustingly corrupted political system will not be fundamentally transformed after the deconstruction of the Costaguana Republic and the establishment of the Occidental Republic because Kleptocracy will not fade away in the autocracy of underdeveloped nations even after the superficial demise of colonialism. The problems of building a modern nation are dealt with in Part Ⅱ, whereas the problems of a modern nation after her foundation are suggested in Part Ⅲ, where national heroes, such as Decoud and Nostromo, lose their interest in the collective solidarity and the identity, i.e., the sentiment of nationalism. The Secret Agent, a detective story with the background of London, the capital city of colonialism and imperialism, is quite different from its prior political novel, Nostromo, a historical novel about the foundation of a third world modern nation. However, the Part Ⅲ of Nostromo is closely connected with the world of The Secret Agent because similar problems of established modern nations are dealt with in both novels. (A) The Marchiavelism of Dr. Monygham, (B) the nihilism of Decoud and (C) the scepticism of Nostromo continues respectively in (A') the excessive politicking of Vladimir, the Chief Inspector Heat and the Assistant Commissioner, (B') the perfect anarchism of 'the Professor' and (C') the sham anarchism of Yundt, Michaelis, Ossipon and the secret agent, Verloc. Anderson's theory that the official nationalism of Russia, an exemplary model for third world nationalism is a heteromorphy of European popular nationalism is seriously challenged by the early development of Creole nationalism such as the case of Nostromo; "why was it precisely creole communities that developed so early conceptions of their nation-ness-well before most of Europe?" Anderson can not present any viable alternative except the self-examination that "I was startled to discover, in many of the notices of Imagined Communities, that this Eurocentric provincialism remained quite undisturbed, and that the crucial chapter on the originating Americas was largely ignored." and that "Unfortunately, I have found no better 'instant' solution to this problem."
The first world modern nation presented in The Secret Agent is not a desirable future for the third world modern nation created in Nostromo. Thus the work unsuccessfully done by 'the Professor' to grope for the alternative community for the current system of modern nation will be carried out in the next political novel, Under Western Eyes. 'The Professor' is well aware that "what's wanted is cleansweep and a clear start for a new conception of life" and that "The terrorist and the policeman both came from the same basket. Revolution, legality-counter moves in the same game" if it would not be possible to be in the completely different game rather than the current "reveries of economical systems" of capitalism and the current political systems of nationalism. However, "the incorruptible Professor" has "no future" due to the lack of political prospect to replace the "public faith in legality." The philosophical awareness of 'the Professor' is represented by the creation of "a situation in which political violence is visited on the family through the agency of the father, and in which the dependency of wife and child leads them to their ruin" (Ash, p. 187) i.e., the exploration of "the despoiling effect upon individual lives of violent and aggressive Weltpolitik" (Knowles, p. 14). Stevie can not be protected from the political violence of modern nation system infiltrated into the modern family system inspite of the pathetic efforts of both Winnie and Winnie's mother. Verloc is condemned as "devil" by Winnie but he is an innocent victim of New Imperialism where each of old and new imperialistic nations pursuits her own conflicting interest. Is Verloc a devil or a victim? The same question is raised in Under Western Eyes, but with different situations and characters such as Razumov.
Razumov was so naive at first and becomes the skeptic. Razumov's impasse or aporia of consciousness begins with Haldin's confession of the weariness of revolutionary act because "Reform is impossible. There is nothing to reform. There is no legality, there are no institutions. There are only arbitrary decrees." Razumov's confession to Natalia is a "declaration of independence" even though he has been unable to answer Mikulin's question of "where to?" Razumov understands that the revolutionists make the right historical desicions. However, he has no intention to be converted to Peter Ivanovitch's fanatic. As Razumov has "the misfortune to be born clear-eyed," he can declare solemnly to the revolutionists that he is independent and make a proper confession of betrayal to Natalia to be washed clean. Even though Haldin and Razumov are Conrad's visions of solipsism and despair that results from the disintegration of community, Haldin's revolution, i.e., Haldin's assassination of Mr. de P- is too "reckless-like a butcher-in the middle of all these innocent people-scattering death" to be an authentic challenge to the social order. The problems of Razumov come from the fact that the union of the energies of Western capitalism and the organic immanence of the religion of pre-capitalist societies may only block out the place of Razumov himself as "the true Razumov had his being in the willed, in the determined future-in that future menaced by the lawlessness of autocracy-for autocracy knows no law-and the lawlessness of revolution."
Razumov's resistance, i.e., his declaration of independence to Peter Ivanovitch's revolutionary group and also to the Russian autocracy is not the antagonistic action with political intention but the result of ambivalence produced within the limit of approved rules of dominant discourses. Conrad recognizes in his "Autocracy and War" that "the moral methods of its development" is almost unattainable for the modern nation because "the only form of action open to a State can be of no other than aggressive nature" even though he accepts the fact that "a revolution is a short cut in the national development of national needs in response to the growth of world-wide ideals." Razumov can not find out the completely new conception of community to replace the irreparable ideology of ever-aggressive modern nation because Peter and Mikulin have the same purpose to establish the modern nation in Russia inspite of their differences on the format of government system. Under Western Eyes is a third political novel to search for the solutions to the problems of communitarianism or conservatism presented in Nostromo and the predicaments of anarchism or individualism shown in The Secret Agent. There is no clear answer even in this digital age to the question of "where to?" from the dilemma between communitarianism and individualism. However, Conrad understands that we can not afford to give up the search for the new conception of community even with the ultimate impasse of Razumov at the end of Under Western Eyes. Sophia's final description of Razumov, "there's a character in such a discovery," is also significant for the interim evaluation of Conrad's journey of three political novels even though it is most probable to be received "in silence" by unsatisfied readers.
Joseph Conrad does not seem to align himself with the founding ideology of the Occidental Republic. It is an utter irony that Decoud, the originator of the Occidental Republic, becomes so nihilistic that he kills himself due to the "solitude and want of faith in himself and others," i.e., his own community. Nostromo, one of the two principal founding figures, becomes extremely sceptical of the belief system of the Sulaco Creole society. It is a sad but real prospect that the disgustingly corrupted political system will not be fundamentally transformed after the deconstruction of the Costaguana Republic and the establishment of the Occidental Republic because Kleptocracy will not fade away in the autocracy of underdeveloped nations even after the superficial demise of colonialism. The problems of building a modern nation are dealt with in Part Ⅱ, whereas the problems of a modern nation after her foundation are suggested in Part Ⅲ, where national heroes, such as Decoud and Nostromo, lose their interest in the collective solidarity and the identity, i.e., the sentiment of nationalism. The Secret Agent, a detective story with the background of London, the capital city of colonialism and imperialism, is quite different from its prior political novel, Nostromo, a historical novel about the foundation of a third world modern nation. However, the Part Ⅲ of Nostromo is closely connected with the world of The Secret Agent because similar problems of established modern nations are dealt with in both novels. (A) The Marchiavelism of Dr. Monygham, (B) the nihilism of Decoud and (C) the scepticism of Nostromo continues respectively in (A') the excessive politicking of Vladimir, the Chief Inspector Heat and the Assistant Commissioner, (B') the perfect anarchism of 'the Professor' and (C') the sham anarchism of Yundt, Michaelis, Ossipon and the secret agent, Verloc. Anderson's theory that the official nationalism of Russia, an exemplary model for third world nationalism is a heteromorphy of European popular nationalism is seriously challenged by the early development of Creole nationalism such as the case of Nostromo; "why was it precisely creole communities that developed so early conceptions of their nation-ness-well before most of Europe?" Anderson can not present any viable alternative except the self-examination that "I was startled to discover, in many of the notices of Imagined Communities, that this Eurocentric provincialism remained quite undisturbed, and that the crucial chapter on the originating Americas was largely ignored." and that "Unfortunately, I have found no better 'instant' solution to this problem."
The first world modern nation presented in The Secret Agent is not a desirable future for the third world modern nation created in Nostromo. Thus the work unsuccessfully done by 'the Professor' to grope for the alternative community for the current system of modern nation will be carried out in the next political novel, Under Western Eyes. 'The Professor' is well aware that "what's wanted is cleansweep and a clear start for a new conception of life" and that "The terrorist and the policeman both came from the same basket. Revolution, legality-counter moves in the same game" if it would not be possible to be in the completely different game rather than the current "reveries of economical systems" of capitalism and the current political systems of nationalism. However, "the incorruptible Professor" has "no future" due to the lack of political prospect to replace the "public faith in legality." The philosophical awareness of 'the Professor' is represented by the creation of "a situation in which political violence is visited on the family through the agency of the father, and in which the dependency of wife and child leads them to their ruin" (Ash, p. 187) i.e., the exploration of "the despoiling effect upon individual lives of violent and aggressive Weltpolitik" (Knowles, p. 14). Stevie can not be protected from the political violence of modern nation system infiltrated into the modern family system inspite of the pathetic efforts of both Winnie and Winnie's mother. Verloc is condemned as "devil" by Winnie but he is an innocent victim of New Imperialism where each of old and new imperialistic nations pursuits her own conflicting interest. Is Verloc a devil or a victim? The same question is raised in Under Western Eyes, but with different situations and characters such as Razumov.
Razumov was so naive at first and becomes the skeptic. Razumov's impasse or aporia of consciousness begins with Haldin's confession of the weariness of revolutionary act because "Reform is impossible. There is nothing to reform. There is no legality, there are no institutions. There are only arbitrary decrees." Razumov's confession to Natalia is a "declaration of independence" even though he has been unable to answer Mikulin's question of "where to?" Razumov understands that the revolutionists make the right historical desicions. However, he has no intention to be converted to Peter Ivanovitch's fanatic. As Razumov has "the misfortune to be born clear-eyed," he can declare solemnly to the revolutionists that he is independent and make a proper confession of betrayal to Natalia to be washed clean. Even though Haldin and Razumov are Conrad's visions of solipsism and despair that results from the disintegration of community, Haldin's revolution, i.e., Haldin's assassination of Mr. de P- is too "reckless-like a butcher-in the middle of all these innocent people-scattering death" to be an authentic challenge to the social order. The problems of Razumov come from the fact that the union of the energies of Western capitalism and the organic immanence of the religion of pre-capitalist societies may only block out the place of Razumov himself as "the true Razumov had his being in the willed, in the determined future-in that future menaced by the lawlessness of autocracy-for autocracy knows no law-and the lawlessness of revolution."
Razumov's resistance, i.e., his declaration of independence to Peter Ivanovitch's revolutionary group and also to the Russian autocracy is not the antagonistic action with political intention but the result of ambivalence produced within the limit of approved rules of dominant discourses. Conrad recognizes in his "Autocracy and War" that "the moral methods of its development" is almost unattainable for the modern nation because "the only form of action open to a State can be of no other than aggressive nature" even though he accepts the fact that "a revolution is a short cut in the national development of national needs in response to the growth of world-wide ideals." Razumov can not find out the completely new conception of community to replace the irreparable ideology of ever-aggressive modern nation because Peter and Mikulin have the same purpose to establish the modern nation in Russia inspite of their differences on the format of government system. Under Western Eyes is a third political novel to search for the solutions to the problems of communitarianism or conservatism presented in Nostromo and the predicaments of anarchism or individualism shown in The Secret Agent. There is no clear answer even in this digital age to the question of "where to?" from the dilemma between communitarianism and individualism. However, Conrad understands that we can not afford to give up the search for the new conception of community even with the ultimate impasse of Razumov at the end of Under Western Eyes. Sophia's final description of Razumov, "there's a character in such a discovery," is also significant for the interim evaluation of Conrad's journey of three political novels even though it is most probable to be received "in silence" by unsatisfied readers.
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