지원사업
학술연구/단체지원/교육 등 연구자 활동을 지속하도록 DBpia가 지원하고 있어요.
커뮤니티
연구자들이 자신의 연구와 전문성을 널리 알리고, 새로운 협력의 기회를 만들 수 있는 네트워킹 공간이에요.
초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
The Canton System(廣東貿易體制) was a trade system in which the Qing government limited trade with the West only to the port of Guangzhou and granted monopoly of foreign trade to a group of merchants called 13 xing(十三行). Up to the first half of the eighteenth century Jiangxi's economy had been developing gradually on the basis of food production, cash crop agriculture and crafts, although the region was known to be culturally advanced within China. After the Qing court permitted trade with the West(1685) and especially as the Canton System was established, Jiangxi province, located in the middle of the traffic between Beijing and Guangzhou, enjoyed unprecedented prosperity and attained prestige as an economically and culturally advanced reigion for eighty to ninety years beginning the late eighteenth century through the early nineteenth century.
During the preiod of the Canton System (1757-1842) towns such as Dayu, Ganzhou, Zhangshu zhen and Wucheng zhen grew and prospered greatly aside from the provincial capital Nanchang. To the growth of these towns, their advantageous location in traffic routes (especially waterways) contributed enormously. During the same period, periodic rural markets thrived throughout the whole province. Although economic and cultural developments mattered in the blossoming of periodic rural markets, those markets formed mostly at centers of water and land traffic where people and goods gathered. The more prosperous towns were, the closer were they located to the water traffic routes: the scale and prosperity of a given city depended on the scale and convenience of its waterway. Ganzhou, Zhangshu zhen, and Wucheng zhen are cases in point. On the other hand, large towns such as Jingde zhen and Hekou zehn appeared in places where cash crops were produced in the hinterland and handicrafts developed on their basis despite relative inconvenience in transportation. Not only Jiangxi merchants but also outside merchants came to these large towns and some periodic rural markets to purchase goods and engage in vigorous trade activities such as building their guild halls(會館). The power of each different merchant group had its ups and downs. In addition, the role of the gentry (紳士) expanded gradually, for example through the huiguans, as the scale of the towns grew and the composition of the urban society became complex. Such phenomena could also be seen in neighboring Hunan and Hubei provinces as well as in Jiangnan province where countless towns had formed along water trade routes and periodic rural markets had turned into permanently established ones.
The formation and prosperity of many large towns and periodic rural markets were on the same track as the development in cash crop agriculture and the growth of handicrafts on its basis. During the Canton System period various cash crops were cultivated in many areas of Jiangxi, and crafts processing them developed as well. For example, gathering of tea leaves and production of tea, cultivation of ramie (苧麻) and production of ramie fablic (夏布), and tobacco cultivation and processing were particularly noteworthy. These lively economic activities in Jiangxi resulted from the influx of outsiders from Fujian and Guangdong who provided new technology and workforce in addition to those of the native population in Jiangxi.
The unprecedented prosperity during the Canton System period accompanied enormous social change. Areas along the Dayuling commercial routes and Gan river waterway prospered in particular, and this economic boom spread to inland areas. However, with ceramic ware and tea leaves aside, the benefits Jiangxi society could gain out of the Canton System came mostly from the services needed for transit trade. The development of periodic rural markets, cultivation of cash crops and growth of crafts in the Jiangxi inland can be explained by the overall development of Jiangxi society rather than by the influence from the Canton System. Such prosperity of Jiangxi declined, after the Qing court opened Shanghai and four other ports as required by the Nanjing Treaty that it entered into in the aftermath of its defeat in the Opium War, thus dismantling the Canton System. As the Canton System fell apart, the Gan river was downgraded to a waterway of a mid-level importance. Jiangxi went through both prosperity and stagnation due to the establishment and abolition of the Canton System, regardless of the Jiangxi people's intentions.
During the preiod of the Canton System (1757-1842) towns such as Dayu, Ganzhou, Zhangshu zhen and Wucheng zhen grew and prospered greatly aside from the provincial capital Nanchang. To the growth of these towns, their advantageous location in traffic routes (especially waterways) contributed enormously. During the same period, periodic rural markets thrived throughout the whole province. Although economic and cultural developments mattered in the blossoming of periodic rural markets, those markets formed mostly at centers of water and land traffic where people and goods gathered. The more prosperous towns were, the closer were they located to the water traffic routes: the scale and prosperity of a given city depended on the scale and convenience of its waterway. Ganzhou, Zhangshu zhen, and Wucheng zhen are cases in point. On the other hand, large towns such as Jingde zhen and Hekou zehn appeared in places where cash crops were produced in the hinterland and handicrafts developed on their basis despite relative inconvenience in transportation. Not only Jiangxi merchants but also outside merchants came to these large towns and some periodic rural markets to purchase goods and engage in vigorous trade activities such as building their guild halls(會館). The power of each different merchant group had its ups and downs. In addition, the role of the gentry (紳士) expanded gradually, for example through the huiguans, as the scale of the towns grew and the composition of the urban society became complex. Such phenomena could also be seen in neighboring Hunan and Hubei provinces as well as in Jiangnan province where countless towns had formed along water trade routes and periodic rural markets had turned into permanently established ones.
The formation and prosperity of many large towns and periodic rural markets were on the same track as the development in cash crop agriculture and the growth of handicrafts on its basis. During the Canton System period various cash crops were cultivated in many areas of Jiangxi, and crafts processing them developed as well. For example, gathering of tea leaves and production of tea, cultivation of ramie (苧麻) and production of ramie fablic (夏布), and tobacco cultivation and processing were particularly noteworthy. These lively economic activities in Jiangxi resulted from the influx of outsiders from Fujian and Guangdong who provided new technology and workforce in addition to those of the native population in Jiangxi.
The unprecedented prosperity during the Canton System period accompanied enormous social change. Areas along the Dayuling commercial routes and Gan river waterway prospered in particular, and this economic boom spread to inland areas. However, with ceramic ware and tea leaves aside, the benefits Jiangxi society could gain out of the Canton System came mostly from the services needed for transit trade. The development of periodic rural markets, cultivation of cash crops and growth of crafts in the Jiangxi inland can be explained by the overall development of Jiangxi society rather than by the influence from the Canton System. Such prosperity of Jiangxi declined, after the Qing court opened Shanghai and four other ports as required by the Nanjing Treaty that it entered into in the aftermath of its defeat in the Opium War, thus dismantling the Canton System. As the Canton System fell apart, the Gan river was downgraded to a waterway of a mid-level importance. Jiangxi went through both prosperity and stagnation due to the establishment and abolition of the Canton System, regardless of the Jiangxi people's intentions.
목차
1. 序言
2. 都市의 繁榮
3. 鄕村 定期市의 叢生
4. 經濟作物의 栽培와 手工業의 發達
5. 結語
Abstract
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