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The purpose of this article is to illuminate political attitude of the Russian rural population during the Civil War, with special focus on two cases of the provinces of the Central Black Earth Zone - Voronezh Province and Tambov Province.
Traditionally, Soviet historians emphasized the friendly attitude of peasants (excluding the so-called Kulaki) towards the Soviet government during the Civil War and maintained that such a harmonious relationship between both sides contributed to the victory of the Red Army in the Civil War. But new source materials from Soviet archives available only after the Perestroika prove that relationships between peasants and the Soviet government were not so clear and simple. These materials rather testify to the fact that besides the Red-White Civil War there was also the Red-Green Civil War, namely, the civil war between peasants and the supporters of the Soviet government. Great tumults among rural population, instigated by the fierce struggle between two parties concerned in the Red-White Civil War, developed into a rebellious attitude toward the Soviet government to reach its pinnacle at the end of the War. It was no exception in the Central Black Earth Zone.
After the October Revolution the population of the two provinces accepted the Soviet Power without great resistance; thanks to the policy of the socialization of the land by the Bolsheviks both sides maintained friendly relationships for a while. However, the Red-White Civil War and the War Communism changed political attitude of the population gradually. Living standard of the population declined. The policy of food monopoly on the part of the Bolshevik regime aggravated by scarcity of daily necessaries made life unbearable. Members of non-Bolshevik political parties such as the Socialist Revolutionary Party and clericals of the Russian Orthodox Church resisted the Bolshevik regime while drawing supports from ordinary people in the countryside as well as the rank and file of the White Guards. The magnitude and potential power of their resistance in the countryside were not however threatening enough to undermine the regime. Cossacks in areas adjacent to Voronezh Province, on the other hand, revolted against the Bolshevik government many times after the October Revolution, most population of Voronezh, however, did not join the causes of the Cossacks. What was really at stake was the revolts of peasants themselves, which surfaced as early as in the second half of 1918 and became more vehement in the provinces of the Central Black Earth Zone during the first half of 1919. Mass desertion of soldiers from the Red Army and revolts of those deserters in its wake indicated only one of those miltifaceted aspects of the peasant revolt.
Their revolt has something to do with their origin. In other words, they were willing to join the revolt, since many of the Red Army soldiers, recruited from the peasant class, could not but feel angered at the harsh reality of their households in distress. Scale and scope of the Green movement grew more and more extensive. Particularly, Voronezh and Tambov became famous as the hottest battlefields where the peasants and deserters fought fierce battles against the Soviet government during the tumultuous period. In this phase, it was obvious that the rebels were not sympathized with the causes of the Communist Party. On the strength of the rebellious sentiment shared among the peasant class, the peasant war culminated in the battle waged and led by Antonov in Tambov.
Peasants did not revolt against the Bolsheviks-Communists in support of the White Army. Nor did they revolt in the name of a specific ideology as urban intellectuals would have readily imposed upon them. Least of all were most participants of the Green movement the so-called Kulaki. Scarcity of food and necessary goods drove ordinary peasants to the way of revolt and let them grab their primitive weapons. They rose in revolt in order to build their own autonomous world apart from both the Whites and the Reds. The Red Army had to wage another vital war against the overwhelming mass in the countryside. The Bolshevik regime in the course of carrying out merciless operations against the Green movement, however, could not help but recognize the futility of continuing the policy of War Communism, which eventually would drive the whole rural population in the opposite side. As the history testifies, all the uprisings and wars in behalf of the cause of the Green movement, including the Antonov Peasant War, were suppressed by the military force of the Bolshevik regime. However, the desperate resistance of peasants constituted the real momentum of the drastic turn-about of the Bolshevik policy - from the War Communism to the New Economic Policy.
Traditionally, Soviet historians emphasized the friendly attitude of peasants (excluding the so-called Kulaki) towards the Soviet government during the Civil War and maintained that such a harmonious relationship between both sides contributed to the victory of the Red Army in the Civil War. But new source materials from Soviet archives available only after the Perestroika prove that relationships between peasants and the Soviet government were not so clear and simple. These materials rather testify to the fact that besides the Red-White Civil War there was also the Red-Green Civil War, namely, the civil war between peasants and the supporters of the Soviet government. Great tumults among rural population, instigated by the fierce struggle between two parties concerned in the Red-White Civil War, developed into a rebellious attitude toward the Soviet government to reach its pinnacle at the end of the War. It was no exception in the Central Black Earth Zone.
After the October Revolution the population of the two provinces accepted the Soviet Power without great resistance; thanks to the policy of the socialization of the land by the Bolsheviks both sides maintained friendly relationships for a while. However, the Red-White Civil War and the War Communism changed political attitude of the population gradually. Living standard of the population declined. The policy of food monopoly on the part of the Bolshevik regime aggravated by scarcity of daily necessaries made life unbearable. Members of non-Bolshevik political parties such as the Socialist Revolutionary Party and clericals of the Russian Orthodox Church resisted the Bolshevik regime while drawing supports from ordinary people in the countryside as well as the rank and file of the White Guards. The magnitude and potential power of their resistance in the countryside were not however threatening enough to undermine the regime. Cossacks in areas adjacent to Voronezh Province, on the other hand, revolted against the Bolshevik government many times after the October Revolution, most population of Voronezh, however, did not join the causes of the Cossacks. What was really at stake was the revolts of peasants themselves, which surfaced as early as in the second half of 1918 and became more vehement in the provinces of the Central Black Earth Zone during the first half of 1919. Mass desertion of soldiers from the Red Army and revolts of those deserters in its wake indicated only one of those miltifaceted aspects of the peasant revolt.
Their revolt has something to do with their origin. In other words, they were willing to join the revolt, since many of the Red Army soldiers, recruited from the peasant class, could not but feel angered at the harsh reality of their households in distress. Scale and scope of the Green movement grew more and more extensive. Particularly, Voronezh and Tambov became famous as the hottest battlefields where the peasants and deserters fought fierce battles against the Soviet government during the tumultuous period. In this phase, it was obvious that the rebels were not sympathized with the causes of the Communist Party. On the strength of the rebellious sentiment shared among the peasant class, the peasant war culminated in the battle waged and led by Antonov in Tambov.
Peasants did not revolt against the Bolsheviks-Communists in support of the White Army. Nor did they revolt in the name of a specific ideology as urban intellectuals would have readily imposed upon them. Least of all were most participants of the Green movement the so-called Kulaki. Scarcity of food and necessary goods drove ordinary peasants to the way of revolt and let them grab their primitive weapons. They rose in revolt in order to build their own autonomous world apart from both the Whites and the Reds. The Red Army had to wage another vital war against the overwhelming mass in the countryside. The Bolshevik regime in the course of carrying out merciless operations against the Green movement, however, could not help but recognize the futility of continuing the policy of War Communism, which eventually would drive the whole rural population in the opposite side. As the history testifies, all the uprisings and wars in behalf of the cause of the Green movement, including the Antonov Peasant War, were suppressed by the military force of the Bolshevik regime. However, the desperate resistance of peasants constituted the real momentum of the drastic turn-about of the Bolshevik policy - from the War Communism to the New Economic Policy.
목차
1. 머릿말
2. 연구 대상 지역과 이용자료에 대하여
3. 10월 혁명 이후 볼셰비키의 농촌정책과 소비에트 러시아의 농민경제
4. 보로네슈 주와 땀보프 주에서 소비에트 권력의 수립과 빈농위원회
5. 농촌 주민들 사이에서의 반 볼셰비키 움직임
6. 농민ㆍ탈영병 봉기에 대한 소비에트 정권의 대응
7. 맺는 말
Abstract
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