본 연구는 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) 처리가 저온저장동안 ‘홍로’, ‘감홍’, ‘황옥’, ‘피크닉’, 그리고 ‘후지’ 과실품질의 생화학적 및 유전적 변화에 미치는 영향을 구명하고자 수행하였다. 경도와 산 함량은 다섯 품종의 사과 모두에서 저장기간이 길어질수록 감소하는 경향이었으며, ‘황옥’과 ‘피크닉’ 품종의 경우 다른 품종들과 비교하여 경도와 산 함량이 높게 유지 되었다. 또한 1-MCP 처리 과실들이 무처리구와 비교하여 경도 및 산 함량이 높게 유지되었다. 에틸렌 발생량 역시 ‘황옥’과 ‘피크닉’ 품종의 경우 다른 품종의 사과들과 비교하여 저장동안 낮은 에틸렌 발생량을 보였으며, 모든 품종의 과실에서 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 무처리구와 비교하여 낮은 에틸렌 발생량을 보였다. 총 당과 우론산 함량은 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 무처리구와 비교하여 높은 함량을 보였다. 세포벽 분해효소의 활성은 ‘홍로’와 ‘후지’ 품종의 경우 저장기간동안 관련 효소들의 활성이 증가하였으나, 실험에 사용된 5품종의 과실에서 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 무처리구와 비교하여 낮은 효소 활성을 보였다. 특히, ‘감홍’ (α-Man and β-Xyl), ‘황옥’ (β-Glc and α-Man), 그리고 ‘피크닉’ (β-Gal, α-Gal, β-Glc, α-Man, and β-Xyl) 품종은 일부 효소들의 활성만 증가하였으며, 품종에 따라 증가하는 효소의 종류는 다소 차이를 보였다. 총 페놀 함량은 모든 품종의 사과 과실에서 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 무처리구와 비교하여 낮은 함량을 보였으나, 총 플라보노이드 함량은 ‘홍로’와 ‘감홍’, 총 안토시아닌 함량은 ‘홍로’, ‘감홍’, ‘피크닉’, ‘후지’ 과실에서만 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 무처리구와 비교하여 낮은 함량을 보였다. 에틸렌 생합성 유전자(ACS와 ACO)는 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 모든 품종의 사과에서 무처리구와 비교하여 낮은 유전자 발현 양상을 보였다. 에틸렌 수용체 유전자(ETR)는 ‘홍로’, ‘감홍’, ‘피크닉’, ‘후지’ 사과에서 1-MCP를 처리하였을 때 무처리구와 비교하여 낮은 발현 양상을 보였다. 따라서, 국내 육성품종인 ‘황옥’, ‘피크닉’, ‘감홍’ 사과가 ‘홍로’, ‘후지’ 사과와 비교하여 수확후 저온저장기간동안 과실의 생화학적 변화와 에틸렌 관련 유전자의 발현이 낮아 과실품질을 유지하였고, 또한 이들 품종에 수확후 1-MCP 처리시 과실의 장기저장이 가능하였다.
This study was carried out to investigated the effects of 1-MCP treatment on biochemical and genetic alterations of fruit quality during during cold storage in five apple cultivars. Flesh firmness of ‘Hwangok’ and ‘Picnic’ apples were higher than that of the other apple cultivars. The loss of flesh firmness and TA was significantly delayed by 1-MCP treatment compared with control fruit during cold storage in all apple cultivars. IEC and ethylene production of ‘Hwangok’ and ‘Picnic’ apples were lower than that of the other cultivars. The SSC of the ‘Fuji’ and ‘Picnic’ apples were higher than control ones by 1-MCP treatment at the end of cold storage. Furthermore, the increase in weight loss was significantly delayed in ‘Hongro’ and ‘Gamhong’ apples by 1-MCP, but not detected in others. Total sugar content was seen in four apple cultivars by 1-MCP treatment compared with control, but not in ‘Picnic’ apple. However, in uronic acid content, ‘Picnic’, ‘Hongro’, and ‘Gamhong’ apples by 1-MCP treatment were higher than control, but not in ‘Hwangok’ and ‘Fuji’ apples. 1-MCP treatment delayed the increase of cell wall hydrolase activities (β-Gal, α-Gal, β-Glc, α-Man, β-Ara, and β-Xyl) in ‘Fuji’ and ‘Hongro’ apples, compared with control. In ‘Gamhong’, ‘Hwangok’, and ‘Picnic’ apples, 1-MCP treatment affected only on certain enzymes in ‘Gamhong’ (α-Man and β-Xyl), ‘Hwangok’ (β-Glc and α-Man), and ‘Picnic’ (β-Gal, α-Gal, β-Glc, α-Man, and β-Xyl) apples. Control fruit had higher TPC in all apple cultivars than 1-MCP treated ones. However, TFC was affected by 1-MCP treatment. In total anthocyanin determination, control fruit had higher content in ‘Gamhong’, ‘Picnic’, and ‘Fuji’ apples than 1-MCP treated fruit. The result of DPPH radical scavenging activity was higher in control fruit than in 1-MCP treated ones, except ‘Hongro’ apple. However, ABTS radical scavenging activity was similar result with TAC which also had higher in ‘Gamhong’, ‘Picnic’, and ‘Fuji’ apples. The apple fruit ripening is regulated by ethylene. Within the ethylene biosynthesis and signaling, ACS, ACO, and ETR genes play an important role in apple fruit ripening. We investigated the expression of these genes with or without 1-MCP treatment during cold storage. The expression of ethylene biosynthesis ACO and ACS genes was significantly higher in control fruit than in 1-MCP treatment in all apple cultivars. ETR gene was an ethylene gene and the expression of this gene was also higher in control fruit than in 1-MCP treated fruit in five apple cultivars, except ‘Hwangok’ apple. The correlations of fruit quality attributes, cell wall components and hydrolases, antioxidant metabolites, and ethylene response genes were highly significant in control fruit, compared with 1-MCP treated ones. Firmness was always positively correlated with TA, but negatively with ethylene production. Firmness and TA were positively correlated with uronic acid in all apple cultivars, but with total sugar only low acidity apples (‘Hongro’, ‘Gamhong’, and ‘Fuji’). Enzymatic activities were negatively correlated with firmness and TA. IEC, weight loss and cell wall hydrolase activities were positively correlated with antioxidant activities. However, flesh firmness and TA were negatively done with antioxidant activities. Firmness and TA were negatively regulated by ACS gene. However, IEC and ethylene production were differently correlated with apple cultivars. In conclusion, 1-MCP highly affected on fruit quality attributes by delaying the important factors such as firmness and TA. Also, the increase of ethylene production during cold storage was significantly inhibited. The ripening-related softening cell wall hydrolases were also delayed by 1-MCP. However, 1-MCP was not highly affected on changes of antioxidant activities during cold storage. The expression of ethylene-related genes were differently affected by 1-MCP. Overall, the results of ‘Picnic’ and ‘Hwangok’ and ‘Gamhong’ apples were the best apple cultivars which responded to 1-MCP and cold storage. The ‘Hongro’ and ‘Fuji’ apples also had good results, but not better response than ‘Picnic’, ‘Hwangok’ and ‘Gamhong’ apples.
CHAPTER Ⅰ 1GENERAL INTRODUCTION 21.1. Apple cultivars in Korea 21.2. 1-Methycyclopropene (1-MCP) application 41.3. Ethylene 51.4. Research objectives 51.5. References 6CHAPTER Ⅱ 9Differences in internal ethylene concentration and fruit quality attributes during cold storage in apple cultivars 102.1. Abstract 102.2. Introduction 112.3. Materials and methods 132.3.1. Plant materials and treatment 132.3.2. Assessment of fruit quality attributes 142.3.3. Statistical analysis 152.4. Results and discussion 152.5. References 29CHAPTER Ⅲ 33Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on fruit quality attributes during cold storage in apple cultivars 343.1. Abstract 343.2. Introduction 353.3. Materials and methods 363.3.1. Plant materials and treatment 363.3.2. Assessment of fruit quality attributes 363.3.3. Statistical analysis 383.4. Results and discussion 383.5. References 52CHAPTER Ⅳ 55Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on cell wall components and hydrolase activities during cold storage in apple cultivars 564.1. Abstract 564.2. Introduction 574.3. Materials and methods 584.3.1. Plant materials and treatment 584.3.2. Extraction of cell wall components 584.3.3. Determination of total sugar content 594.3.4. Determination of uronic acid 594.3.5. Extraction of cell wall hydrolases 604.3.6. Activities of cell wall hydrolases 604.3.7. Statistical analysis 614.4. Results and discussion 614.5. References 81CHAPTER Ⅴ 85Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on antioxidant metabolism during cold storage in apple cultivars 865.1. Abstract 865.2. Introduction 875.3. Materials and methods 885.3.1. Plant materials and treatment 885.3.2. Extraction of antioxidant metabolite 885.3.3. Determination of total phenolic compounds content 895.3.4. Determination of DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities 905.3.5. Statistical analysis 915.4. Results and discussion 915.5. References 108CHAPTER Ⅵ 112Effects of 1-methylcyclopropene treatment on ethylene response genes during cold storage in apple cultivars 1136.1. Abstract 1136.2. Introduction 1146.3. Materials and methods 1166.3.1. Plant materials and treatment 1166.3.2. Gene expression analysis 1176.3.3. Statistical analysis 1186.4. Results and Discussion 1186.5. References 131CHAPTER Ⅶ 135Statistical correlation on biochemical and genetic alterations offruit quality by 1-methylcyclopropene treatment during coldstorage in apple cultivars 1367.1. Abstract 1367.2. Statistical analysis 1377.3. Results and Discussion 1387.4. References 162SUMMARY 165국문 초록 168