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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 저널정보
- 동국대학교 불교학술원 International Journal of Buddhist Thought and Culture International Journal of Buddhist Thought & Culture Vol.33 No.1
- 발행연도
- 2023.6
- 수록면
- 61 - 92 (32page)
- DOI
- 10.16893/IJBTC.2023.06.33.1.61
이용수
초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
From the 2nd century BCE onwards, dozens of Buddhist monasteries, with hundreds of rock-cut buildings, were excavated in the hill ranges that divide India’s western coastal plain from its Deccan plateau. Surveys have been done to establish a relative chronology and absolute dates for their shrine-halls. This study is different. It examines three of these sites in much greater detail, to reveal the development of Buddhism, in a particular area, from its physical remains.
This re-examination of the rock-cut remains can show how Buddhism evolved in the area around Bhaja, Bedsa and Karla. The modified rock-shelters and caverns show that Buddhist monks lived in natural caves and then made them more habitable. This is the area’s earliest rock-cut architecture. Later, whole buildings were excavated and attempts were made to conserve rainwater, so that the monks could stay here longer than the three months permitted for rains retreats. This study shows, from the material remains, when and where some monks began to change from itinerant wandering to settled monasticism. Building these monasteries’ monumental rock-cut shrine-halls completed this process. Detailed analysis shows that Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla continued to expand, creating more facilities for pilgrims, making monastic dams to irrigate the village fields, and introducing Buddha images. This shows the sites were monastically organized and controlled until at least the 7th century CE.
My research into their physical remains has shown how monasteries in this area were transformed, from temporary rainy season retreats into centers of public worship and monastic learning, which were supported by royal land grants. This happened in nine distinct phases, common throughout the area. Inscriptions found at the main sites can be used to date the last seven phases, to give a secure working chronology for local Buddhist history in the area around Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla.
This re-examination of the rock-cut remains can show how Buddhism evolved in the area around Bhaja, Bedsa and Karla. The modified rock-shelters and caverns show that Buddhist monks lived in natural caves and then made them more habitable. This is the area’s earliest rock-cut architecture. Later, whole buildings were excavated and attempts were made to conserve rainwater, so that the monks could stay here longer than the three months permitted for rains retreats. This study shows, from the material remains, when and where some monks began to change from itinerant wandering to settled monasticism. Building these monasteries’ monumental rock-cut shrine-halls completed this process. Detailed analysis shows that Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla continued to expand, creating more facilities for pilgrims, making monastic dams to irrigate the village fields, and introducing Buddha images. This shows the sites were monastically organized and controlled until at least the 7th century CE.
My research into their physical remains has shown how monasteries in this area were transformed, from temporary rainy season retreats into centers of public worship and monastic learning, which were supported by royal land grants. This happened in nine distinct phases, common throughout the area. Inscriptions found at the main sites can be used to date the last seven phases, to give a secure working chronology for local Buddhist history in the area around Bhaja, Bedsa, and Karla.
목차
Abstract
Introduction
Phase 1: Monastically modified Caverns and Open Single Cells
Phase 2: Watercourse Cisterns, Empty Circular Shrines and Closed Single Cells
Phase 3: Early Monumental Shrine-halls at Karla, Bedsa, and Bhaja, 150–100 BCE
Phase 4: Bhaja’s new Multi-celled Residences and Specialist Teachers, 100–50 BCE
Phase 5: Bedsa’s New Monumental Shrine and An Ascetic Dwelling 50–0 BCE
Phase 6: Karla’s New Monumental Shrine-hall and Its Land Grants, 0–50 CE
Phase 7: The Lay Public’s Cisterns, Seats and Rest-halls, 50–150 CE
Phase 8: Dam Sites and Large Water Tanks, 150–400 CE
Phase 9: Bhaja, Bedsa and Karla’s Intrusive Buddha Images, 400–700 CE
Conclusion
References
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