본 연구는 지적장애아들이 어린 시기에 체육활동을 시작하면서 엘리트선수가 되기까지의 과정을 분석하는데 목적이 있다. 본 연구목적을 위해 유목적 표집방법 중 중요사례 표집(critical case)과 준거(범주)표집을 통해 배드민턴과 수영 두 종목, 15명의 지적장애 청소년운동선수를 연구 참여자로 선정하였다. 이들을 대상으로 2007년 6월에서 2007년 11월까지의 기간 동안 심층면담을 실시한 후, 이를 근거이론의 분석 틀을 통해 분석하였다. 근거이론 접근 방법에 따른 범주 분석 결과 20개의 범주와 26개의 하위범주 그리고 72개의 개념이 도출되었다. 분석된 범주를 패러다임모형으로 구성하였고 그 내용은 다음과 같다. 먼저 인과적 조건은 ‘장애인지’, ‘특수교육과정의 한계’, ‘편견의 벽’으로 도출되었고, 중심현상은 ‘일반교육과정 추구’, ‘희망의 움직임’, ‘운동지속 장애’, ‘세상과의 소통’으로 나타났다. 그리고 맥락적 조건으로는 ‘둥지 밖으로’, ‘ 사방의 벽’, ‘잠재력 발견’으로 확인되었고, 중재적 조건은 ‘자신감과 승부욕’, ‘운동환경의 개선’, ‘인내의 고통’으로 밝혀졌다. 작용/상호작용은 ‘딛고 일어섬’, ‘이미지 강화’, ‘이기는 연습’, ‘능력강화’로 나타났으며, 결과는 ‘달라진 자아’, ‘세상 속으로 비상’, ‘새로운 도전’으로 확인되었다. 마지막으로 본 연구자는 지적장애아의 운동선수 되기 과정에서 ‘장애를 딛고 운동선수로 거듭남’이라는 핵심범주를 발견하였다. 이는 참여자가 자신의 다름을 인지하고, 장애에 구속되지 않고 사회적으로 가치 있는 역할인 운동선수로 거듭남을 의미한다. 이 과정을 통해 본 연구에서는 지적장애아의 운동선수 되기 과정에 대한 근거이론 모형을 개발하였다.
The purpose of this study was to analyze the processes of athletes with intellectual disability becoming elite athletes as they start sport activities in early stage. For the purposes of the study, 15teenager athletes with intellectual disability from two sports, badminton and swimming were selected for the subject of this study through critical case sampling and category sampling among nomadic sampling methods. After performing in-depth interviews with them from June to November, 2007, the interviews were analyzed through the tools of grounded theory.
As the results of analyzing category according to grounded theoretic approach, 72 concepts, 26 sub-categories, and 20 categories were derived.
Summarizing the above, causal conditions for the central phases are ‘cognition of disability,’ ‘the limitations of special process education,’ and ’the wall of prejudice,’ and the central phases children with intellectual disability are ‘the pursuit of normal process education,’ ‘the movement of hope,’ ‘disability to continue sports,’ and ‘communication with the world.’ Coherent conditions influencing these were confirmed as ‘out of the nest,’ ’the surrounding wall,’ and ‘potential discovery.’ Arbitrary conditions promoting or suppressing strategies of action on the central phases/interaction were ‘confidence and desire to win,’ ‘improvement in sports environment,’ and ‘pain of endurance.’ The phases of action on the central phase/interaction were ‘overcoming,’ ‘image strengthening,’ ‘practice to win,’ and ‘ability strengthening,’ and the results were ‘differentiated ego,’ ‘flying into the world,’ and ‘new challenge.’
Finally, the core category in the process of children with intellectual disability becoming athletes was decided as ‘reborn by overcoming disability.’ This means that they recognize their differences with others, become independent of a restriction called disability, and reborn as athletes, in other words, valuable social role, and it emphasized differentiated ego. From these cases, it is judged that the ultimate goal of athletes with intellectual disability, with recognition that it is in independence and socialization, should be focused on avoiding unitary paradigm of sports’ win and defeat, communicating with the world through sports, and forming positive and growing ego identity.