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This article discusses common points and differences while comparing three cases that appeared in cities in modern East Asia (Northeast Asia / Southeast Asia).
First, in the late 19th century during the formation of a modern city, the shopouse was built. The shophouse was born in the 1820s by city planning conducted by T.Raffles in Singapore. Shophouse, which began as a typical colonial architecture, eventually spread to independent countries in East Asia. In Japan, the same style appeared in the Ginza brick district, but it was not a product of colonialism, but was strongly oriented towards modernization. However, shop houses did not spread to cities in Japan, and a new urban landscape was created while modernizing the style of traditional cities. In Bangkok, the shophouse was built in various places in the king"s led modernization policy. Although it is modeled on colonial city Singapore and Batavia, it can be said that it is the result of a subjective modernization policy. Introduction of the shophouse as a nationalist modernization policy was also seen in China, “qilou (騎楼)” was born. It originated in Hong Kong which was a British colony, eventually Zhang Zhidong 張之洞, a Western-style bureaucrat also introduced to Guangzhou, then spread to each city in southern China.
Second, department stores were the symbol of consumption culture showing the transformation to modern cities in the first half of the 20th century. In Seoul, Keijo Mitsukoshi etc. were born and had functions as a recreation area with facilities such as large restaurants, fairgrounds, galleries and rooftop gardens. This is a style introduced in Japan, Mitsukoshi issued the “department store declaration”, followed by Japanesestyle department stores that have amusement facilities and enjoyed from adults to kids were born one after another. Similar phenomena also appeared in semi-colony China. Shanghai Yong-an Co., Ltd. has not only stores but restaurants, inns, billiards, dance halls, etc. as a recreation area, similar cases were seen in Tianjin and Beijing. Besides department stores, contemporary urban spaces such as dance halls, cafes, movie theaters, etc. spread in the East Asian cities of the 1920’s and 30’s. Department stores in East Asia had different characteristics from the West. Besides department stores, contemporary urban spaces such as dance halls, cafes, movie theaters, etc. spread in the East Asian cities of the 1920’s and 30’s. However, we should not evaluate only aspects of “development” and “modernization” hastily, and consider its multifaceted elements.
Third, a case symbolizing the maturity of modern cities in the second half of the 20th century is the housing policy. Seoul forcibly removed the squatter, and the construction of a new city such as Seongnam 城南 (1973), Gwacheon 果川 (1986), Mokdong 木洞(1989) was promoted by the government and Public authority. The circumstances are different in China, and under the planned economy, state enterprises and others have provided everything from public services to daily necessities. When it became a socialist market economy after the 1990s, the construction of residential complexes progressed by private-sector developers led by the government. In Japan, unlike these, households of the middle class prefer a independent housing, and smallscale single-family homes of modern style increased by receiving loans such as Housing Loan Corporation (1950). In this way, in modern East Asian cities, although the contents and landscape are different, housing construction and urbanization have been promptly promoted on a policy basis.
本稿では、 近現代の東アジア（北東アジア・東南アジア）の都市にあらわれた三つの事例を比較しながら、 その共通点と相違点を論じている。
第一に、 19世紀後半の近代都市の形成期には、 ショップハウスshophouseが建設された。 ショップハウスは、 シンガポールでT.Rafflesの実施した都市計画によって、 1820年代に誕生した。 典型的な植民地建築として始まったshophouseは、 やがて東アジアの独立国にも広がった。 日本では、 銀座煉瓦街に同じ様式があらわれたが、 それは植民地主義の産物ではなく、 近代化志向の体現という面が強かった。しかし、 日本の都市にはショップハウスは広がらず、 伝統都市の様式を近代化しながら新たな都市景観が作られた。 バンコクでは、 国王主導の近代化政策の中で、各所にshophouseが建てられた。 植民地都市シンガポールやバタビアBataviaをモデルとしたものの、 主体的な近代化政策の成果だといえる。 民族主義的な近代化政策としてのshophouse導入は中国でもみられ、 「qilou(騎楼)」が誕生した。 その起源はイギリス植民地だった香港で、 やがて洋務派官僚のZhang Zhidong(張之洞)によって広州にも導入され、 その後中国南部の各都市に広がっていった。
第二に、 20世紀前半の現代都市への変貌を示す消費文化のあらわれが、 百貨店の登場だった。 ソウルでは、 京城三越などが生まれ、 大食堂・催事場・ギャラリー・屋上庭園などの施設を持つ娯楽場・社交場としての機能を備えていた。 これは日本の様式を導入したもので、 三越が 「デパートメントストア宣言」 を出したあと、娯楽施設を設けて大人から子供まで楽しめる日本的なデパートが増加した。 似たような現象は、 半植民地の中国でもあらわれた。 上海永安公司は、 売り場だけでなくレストラン、 旅館、 ビリヤード場、 ダンスホールなど備えて娯楽場・社交場としての性格を持ち、 天津や北京でも同様の事例がみられた。 百貨店のほかにも、1920・30年代の東アジア都市には、 ダンスホール・カフェー・映画館など、 現代的な都市空間が広がった。 これらの百貨店の増加は、 欧米と異なる東アジア的現象だった。 しかし、 「開発」 や 「近代化」 という側面だけを性急に評価せず、 その多面的な要素を検討すべきである。
第三に20世紀後半の現代都市の成熟を象徴する事例が、 高度経済成長期の住宅政策である。 ソウルでは、 無許可住宅を強制撤去し、 城南市（1973年）、 果川市（1986年）、 木洞新市街地（1989年）のような新都市建設が、 政府や大韓住宅公社によって推進された。 中国では事情が異なり、 計画経済の下では国営企業などが公共サービスから生活必需品まですべてを供給した。 90年代以降に社会主義市場経済になると、 政府に主導された民間ディベロッパーによって住宅団地の建設が進行した。 日本では、 これらと異なり、 中産層に一戸建て住宅（独立住宅）志向が強く、 住宅金融公庫（1950年設立）などの融資を受けて、 現代様式の小規模な一戸建て住宅が増加した。 このように現代の東アジア都市では、 内容や景観は異なるものの、 政策的に住宅建設と都市化が急速に推進された。
First, in the late 19th century during the formation of a modern city, the shopouse was built. The shophouse was born in the 1820s by city planning conducted by T.Raffles in Singapore. Shophouse, which began as a typical colonial architecture, eventually spread to independent countries in East Asia. In Japan, the same style appeared in the Ginza brick district, but it was not a product of colonialism, but was strongly oriented towards modernization. However, shop houses did not spread to cities in Japan, and a new urban landscape was created while modernizing the style of traditional cities. In Bangkok, the shophouse was built in various places in the king"s led modernization policy. Although it is modeled on colonial city Singapore and Batavia, it can be said that it is the result of a subjective modernization policy. Introduction of the shophouse as a nationalist modernization policy was also seen in China, “qilou (騎楼)” was born. It originated in Hong Kong which was a British colony, eventually Zhang Zhidong 張之洞, a Western-style bureaucrat also introduced to Guangzhou, then spread to each city in southern China.
Second, department stores were the symbol of consumption culture showing the transformation to modern cities in the first half of the 20th century. In Seoul, Keijo Mitsukoshi etc. were born and had functions as a recreation area with facilities such as large restaurants, fairgrounds, galleries and rooftop gardens. This is a style introduced in Japan, Mitsukoshi issued the “department store declaration”, followed by Japanesestyle department stores that have amusement facilities and enjoyed from adults to kids were born one after another. Similar phenomena also appeared in semi-colony China. Shanghai Yong-an Co., Ltd. has not only stores but restaurants, inns, billiards, dance halls, etc. as a recreation area, similar cases were seen in Tianjin and Beijing. Besides department stores, contemporary urban spaces such as dance halls, cafes, movie theaters, etc. spread in the East Asian cities of the 1920’s and 30’s. Department stores in East Asia had different characteristics from the West. Besides department stores, contemporary urban spaces such as dance halls, cafes, movie theaters, etc. spread in the East Asian cities of the 1920’s and 30’s. However, we should not evaluate only aspects of “development” and “modernization” hastily, and consider its multifaceted elements.
Third, a case symbolizing the maturity of modern cities in the second half of the 20th century is the housing policy. Seoul forcibly removed the squatter, and the construction of a new city such as Seongnam 城南 (1973), Gwacheon 果川 (1986), Mokdong 木洞(1989) was promoted by the government and Public authority. The circumstances are different in China, and under the planned economy, state enterprises and others have provided everything from public services to daily necessities. When it became a socialist market economy after the 1990s, the construction of residential complexes progressed by private-sector developers led by the government. In Japan, unlike these, households of the middle class prefer a independent housing, and smallscale single-family homes of modern style increased by receiving loans such as Housing Loan Corporation (1950). In this way, in modern East Asian cities, although the contents and landscape are different, housing construction and urbanization have been promptly promoted on a policy basis.
本稿では、 近現代の東アジア（北東アジア・東南アジア）の都市にあらわれた三つの事例を比較しながら、 その共通点と相違点を論じている。
第一に、 19世紀後半の近代都市の形成期には、 ショップハウスshophouseが建設された。 ショップハウスは、 シンガポールでT.Rafflesの実施した都市計画によって、 1820年代に誕生した。 典型的な植民地建築として始まったshophouseは、 やがて東アジアの独立国にも広がった。 日本では、 銀座煉瓦街に同じ様式があらわれたが、 それは植民地主義の産物ではなく、 近代化志向の体現という面が強かった。しかし、 日本の都市にはショップハウスは広がらず、 伝統都市の様式を近代化しながら新たな都市景観が作られた。 バンコクでは、 国王主導の近代化政策の中で、各所にshophouseが建てられた。 植民地都市シンガポールやバタビアBataviaをモデルとしたものの、 主体的な近代化政策の成果だといえる。 民族主義的な近代化政策としてのshophouse導入は中国でもみられ、 「qilou(騎楼)」が誕生した。 その起源はイギリス植民地だった香港で、 やがて洋務派官僚のZhang Zhidong(張之洞)によって広州にも導入され、 その後中国南部の各都市に広がっていった。
第二に、 20世紀前半の現代都市への変貌を示す消費文化のあらわれが、 百貨店の登場だった。 ソウルでは、 京城三越などが生まれ、 大食堂・催事場・ギャラリー・屋上庭園などの施設を持つ娯楽場・社交場としての機能を備えていた。 これは日本の様式を導入したもので、 三越が 「デパートメントストア宣言」 を出したあと、娯楽施設を設けて大人から子供まで楽しめる日本的なデパートが増加した。 似たような現象は、 半植民地の中国でもあらわれた。 上海永安公司は、 売り場だけでなくレストラン、 旅館、 ビリヤード場、 ダンスホールなど備えて娯楽場・社交場としての性格を持ち、 天津や北京でも同様の事例がみられた。 百貨店のほかにも、1920・30年代の東アジア都市には、 ダンスホール・カフェー・映画館など、 現代的な都市空間が広がった。 これらの百貨店の増加は、 欧米と異なる東アジア的現象だった。 しかし、 「開発」 や 「近代化」 という側面だけを性急に評価せず、 その多面的な要素を検討すべきである。
第三に20世紀後半の現代都市の成熟を象徴する事例が、 高度経済成長期の住宅政策である。 ソウルでは、 無許可住宅を強制撤去し、 城南市（1973年）、 果川市（1986年）、 木洞新市街地（1989年）のような新都市建設が、 政府や大韓住宅公社によって推進された。 中国では事情が異なり、 計画経済の下では国営企業などが公共サービスから生活必需品まですべてを供給した。 90年代以降に社会主義市場経済になると、 政府に主導された民間ディベロッパーによって住宅団地の建設が進行した。 日本では、 これらと異なり、 中産層に一戸建て住宅（独立住宅）志向が強く、 住宅金融公庫（1950年設立）などの融資を受けて、 現代様式の小規模な一戸建て住宅が増加した。 このように現代の東アジア都市では、 内容や景観は異なるものの、 政策的に住宅建設と都市化が急速に推進された。
목차
Ⅰ. はじめに
Ⅱ. 西洋化と東アジア都市-shophouseを事例として
Ⅲ. 消費文化と都市-百貨店を事例として
Ⅳ. 高度経済成長と都市-住宅政策を事例として
Ⅴ. おわりに
参考文献
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