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This study is to rethink French eugenics by using the works of Alexis Carrel. Carrel’s theory emphasize the synthesis of the humane studies and the naturel science for understanding a man as a unity composed of body and soul. It was very popular among the intellectuals as well as with the masses in the 1930’s. At the time, Carrels’s theory was nearly not looked as eugenics. But, after the First War, this theory was criticized as the Nazi -style eugenics; Carrel collaborated with the Vichy Government and founded the 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》with the support of Philippe Petain. As the Vichy Government was the puppet government of the Nazis. Alexis Carrel’s《Science of Man》theory was in turn lumped together with Nazi-style eugenics.
Recently, Carrel’s theory is being revaluated by historians who insist on the positive element of French eugenics. According to them, it is not Nazi-style eugenics. Considering that the Vichy government was voluntarily founded by French collaborators, Alexis Carrel was ‘vichyste’ who didn’t follow the ideologies and the policies of the Nazis. And the《Science of Man》was a kind of French eugenics which always existed before the Second War. The French eugenics is neither a political ideology nor a political movement in contrast to others Europeans eugenics. It is a social and cultural programme implemented into daily life. Historians emphasize the positive element of French eugenics through the《Science of Man》 of Alexis Carrel.
In order to demonstrate, we tried to examine two perspectives about the《Science of Man》. First, we showed the intellectual trends of 1930’s that French people accepted the ideas of eugenics with a great enthusiasm. Second, we examined the contents of the programme of the《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》from 1941 to 1944.
In his famous work, L’Homme, cet inconnu(Man, the Unknown), Alexis Carrel presents the essentials of eugenics of the《Science of Man》. This work was published in 1935, in the middle of the political crisis between socialism and fascism. This book had the purpose of persuading French people to establish an institution that could direct volunteer eugenics and other social programmes related to eugenics. In spite of this eugenics factor, it was a best seller in France. Since it rests on French philosophy, especially Henri Bergson, it was naturally accepted. It used Bergson’s view that criticised the rationalism ignoring the irrationality of man, that arises from problems associated with scientific progress without considering the humane spirit, and that defines the life by material and spiritual factors. This was probably why the eugenic ideas in the book, L’Homme, cet inconnu(Man, the Unknown) were popular for French people in the 1930’s.
These eugenic ideas was realized in the social and cultural programme of the《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》from 1941 to 1944. Specifically the Medicine of Labor became institutionalized under the Vichy government. The Medicine of Labor made an effort to avoid labor accidents and other work-related injuries by the spiritual counseling and physical examination. This programme helped to resolve the problems of the humanization of labor in the company. As it was very effective and appreciated by French people, after the Second War. This programme became the important social and cultural system throughout world. Through this point, it might be possible to insist on the positive perspective of French eugenics and to revaluate the ideas of Alexis Carrel.
However, we should note the potential danger in this perspective. This shows that French people were always favorable about the eugenics ideas since the 1930’s. These ideas might give approval to conduct eugenics style policies to solve the immigration problem. After the First War, France became poplar for immigration. The immigrant problems in the 1930’s were in the middle of political conflicts. Then, the eugenic ideas of Alexis Carrel was favorable for French masses. Today, this situation has reappeared in France. France is becoming a flash point concerning immigrant problems. France has a serious conflict between French people and French immigrants in social and cultural dimensions. So it is necessary to keep a distance with the positive perspectives of the French eugenics and the revaluation of the Alexis Carrel’s《Science of Man》theory.
Notre etude porte sur le sens de l’eugenisme dans la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel. Cette theorie presente la synthese des sciences naturelles et humaines pour comprendre l’homme comme l’unite du corps et de l’esprit. Elle etait tres favorable et populaire dans la tendance intellectuelle des annees 30 en France, sans critiquer l’eugenisme. Mais, apres la Deuxieme Guerre, cette theorie etait critiquee comme l’eugenisme nazi; Carrel a collabore avec le regime de Vichy et fonde la 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》 sous le soutien de Philippe Petain. Si le regime de Vichy etait considere comme le gouvernement fantoche de l’Allemagne nazie, la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel etait regardee comme l’eugenisme nazi.
Recemment, cette theorie est reevaluee par les historiens qui voient le caractere positif dans l’eugenisme francais. Selon eux, elle n’est pas de l’eugenisme nazi. Etant donne que le regime de Vichy etait volontairement fonde par les collaborateurs francais, non par l’Allemagne nazie, Alexis Carrel etait vichyste qui n’a pas suivi de l’ideologie et de la politique de l’Allemagne nazie. Egalement, sa theorie etait d’un eugenisme francais qui existait avant la Guerre. L’eugenisme francais n’est ni ideologie politique ni mouvement politique, a la difference d’autres pays europeens. Il s’agit d’un programme social et culturel applique dans la vie quotidienne des Francais. Les historiens mettent en valeurs le point positif de l’eugenisme francais dans la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel.
Pour le prouver, nous avons examine deux perspectives sur la 《Science de l’Homme》. Premierement, nous avons trouve la tendance intellectuelle des annees 30 ou les Francais ont accepte cette theorie eugenique avec grande passion. Deuxiemement, nous avons observe le projet de la 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》 de 1941 a 1944.
Le livre d’Alexis Carrel, L’Homme, cet inconnu qui presente l’essence eugenique de la 《Science de l’Homme》 a ete publie en 1935, au milieu de la crise politique entre le socialisme et le fascisme. Ce livre avait le but pour convaincre les Francais d’etablir une institution ou peut diriger l’eugenisme volontaire et fabriquer des programmes sociaux eugeniques. Malgre ces facteurs eugeniques, ce livre a ete devenu le best-seller pour les Francais. Puisqu’il s’appuyait sur la philosophie francaise, surtout celle d’Henri Bergson, il etait naturellement accepte. Ce livre impliquait l’opinion de Bergson qui critique le rationalisme ignorant l’irrationalite de l’homme, qui pose la problematique du progres scientifique sans considerer l’esprit humain, et qui voit la vie formee par les facteurs materiel et spirituel. Il etait possible que les idees eugeniques dans L’Homme, cet inconnu soient populaires aux Francais dans les annees 30.
Ces idees eugeniques ont ete realisees dans les programmes sociaux et culturels de la 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》 de 1941 a 1944. Surtout le programme de la Medicine du Travail s’est institutionnalise sous le regime de Vichy. La Medicine du Travail s’efforcait d’eviter les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles soit par des conseils, soit par des mesures positives touchant l’amenagement du cadre dans lequel s’effectue le travail. Ce programme a aide les travailleurs a resoudre les problemes de l’humanisation du travail dans l’entreprise. Puisqu’il a ete tres efficace et apprecie par les Francais, apres la fin de la Deuxieme Guerre, ce programme est devenu le systeme important social et culturel aux autres pays mondiaux. A ce point, il serait possible de dire la perspective positive de l’eugenisme francais et de reevaluer l’idee d’Alexis Carrel.
Cependant, nous pouvons remarquer le risque potentiel dans cette perspective. Cette derniere montre que des Francais partagent toujours les idees eugeniques depuis les annees 30. Ces idees eugeniques pouvons conduire les Francais a s’appliquer sur la solution des problemes immigres de nos jours. Apres la Premiere Guerre, la France etait devenue le pays immigre. Les problemes immigres etaient au centre des conflits potentiels dans les annees 30 ou l’idee eugenique d’Alexis Carrel etait favorable. Dans la meme situation, l’eugenisme francais est reevalue au moment que la France est devenue le pays serieux des conflits culturels entre les Francais et les immigres. Donc il est necessaire de garder la distance avec la perspective positive de l’eugenisme francais et la reevaluation de la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel.
Recently, Carrel’s theory is being revaluated by historians who insist on the positive element of French eugenics. According to them, it is not Nazi-style eugenics. Considering that the Vichy government was voluntarily founded by French collaborators, Alexis Carrel was ‘vichyste’ who didn’t follow the ideologies and the policies of the Nazis. And the《Science of Man》was a kind of French eugenics which always existed before the Second War. The French eugenics is neither a political ideology nor a political movement in contrast to others Europeans eugenics. It is a social and cultural programme implemented into daily life. Historians emphasize the positive element of French eugenics through the《Science of Man》 of Alexis Carrel.
In order to demonstrate, we tried to examine two perspectives about the《Science of Man》. First, we showed the intellectual trends of 1930’s that French people accepted the ideas of eugenics with a great enthusiasm. Second, we examined the contents of the programme of the《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》from 1941 to 1944.
In his famous work, L’Homme, cet inconnu(Man, the Unknown), Alexis Carrel presents the essentials of eugenics of the《Science of Man》. This work was published in 1935, in the middle of the political crisis between socialism and fascism. This book had the purpose of persuading French people to establish an institution that could direct volunteer eugenics and other social programmes related to eugenics. In spite of this eugenics factor, it was a best seller in France. Since it rests on French philosophy, especially Henri Bergson, it was naturally accepted. It used Bergson’s view that criticised the rationalism ignoring the irrationality of man, that arises from problems associated with scientific progress without considering the humane spirit, and that defines the life by material and spiritual factors. This was probably why the eugenic ideas in the book, L’Homme, cet inconnu(Man, the Unknown) were popular for French people in the 1930’s.
These eugenic ideas was realized in the social and cultural programme of the《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》from 1941 to 1944. Specifically the Medicine of Labor became institutionalized under the Vichy government. The Medicine of Labor made an effort to avoid labor accidents and other work-related injuries by the spiritual counseling and physical examination. This programme helped to resolve the problems of the humanization of labor in the company. As it was very effective and appreciated by French people, after the Second War. This programme became the important social and cultural system throughout world. Through this point, it might be possible to insist on the positive perspective of French eugenics and to revaluate the ideas of Alexis Carrel.
However, we should note the potential danger in this perspective. This shows that French people were always favorable about the eugenics ideas since the 1930’s. These ideas might give approval to conduct eugenics style policies to solve the immigration problem. After the First War, France became poplar for immigration. The immigrant problems in the 1930’s were in the middle of political conflicts. Then, the eugenic ideas of Alexis Carrel was favorable for French masses. Today, this situation has reappeared in France. France is becoming a flash point concerning immigrant problems. France has a serious conflict between French people and French immigrants in social and cultural dimensions. So it is necessary to keep a distance with the positive perspectives of the French eugenics and the revaluation of the Alexis Carrel’s《Science of Man》theory.
Notre etude porte sur le sens de l’eugenisme dans la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel. Cette theorie presente la synthese des sciences naturelles et humaines pour comprendre l’homme comme l’unite du corps et de l’esprit. Elle etait tres favorable et populaire dans la tendance intellectuelle des annees 30 en France, sans critiquer l’eugenisme. Mais, apres la Deuxieme Guerre, cette theorie etait critiquee comme l’eugenisme nazi; Carrel a collabore avec le regime de Vichy et fonde la 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》 sous le soutien de Philippe Petain. Si le regime de Vichy etait considere comme le gouvernement fantoche de l’Allemagne nazie, la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel etait regardee comme l’eugenisme nazi.
Recemment, cette theorie est reevaluee par les historiens qui voient le caractere positif dans l’eugenisme francais. Selon eux, elle n’est pas de l’eugenisme nazi. Etant donne que le regime de Vichy etait volontairement fonde par les collaborateurs francais, non par l’Allemagne nazie, Alexis Carrel etait vichyste qui n’a pas suivi de l’ideologie et de la politique de l’Allemagne nazie. Egalement, sa theorie etait d’un eugenisme francais qui existait avant la Guerre. L’eugenisme francais n’est ni ideologie politique ni mouvement politique, a la difference d’autres pays europeens. Il s’agit d’un programme social et culturel applique dans la vie quotidienne des Francais. Les historiens mettent en valeurs le point positif de l’eugenisme francais dans la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel.
Pour le prouver, nous avons examine deux perspectives sur la 《Science de l’Homme》. Premierement, nous avons trouve la tendance intellectuelle des annees 30 ou les Francais ont accepte cette theorie eugenique avec grande passion. Deuxiemement, nous avons observe le projet de la 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》 de 1941 a 1944.
Le livre d’Alexis Carrel, L’Homme, cet inconnu qui presente l’essence eugenique de la 《Science de l’Homme》 a ete publie en 1935, au milieu de la crise politique entre le socialisme et le fascisme. Ce livre avait le but pour convaincre les Francais d’etablir une institution ou peut diriger l’eugenisme volontaire et fabriquer des programmes sociaux eugeniques. Malgre ces facteurs eugeniques, ce livre a ete devenu le best-seller pour les Francais. Puisqu’il s’appuyait sur la philosophie francaise, surtout celle d’Henri Bergson, il etait naturellement accepte. Ce livre impliquait l’opinion de Bergson qui critique le rationalisme ignorant l’irrationalite de l’homme, qui pose la problematique du progres scientifique sans considerer l’esprit humain, et qui voit la vie formee par les facteurs materiel et spirituel. Il etait possible que les idees eugeniques dans L’Homme, cet inconnu soient populaires aux Francais dans les annees 30.
Ces idees eugeniques ont ete realisees dans les programmes sociaux et culturels de la 《Fondation francaise pour l’etude des problemes humains》 de 1941 a 1944. Surtout le programme de la Medicine du Travail s’est institutionnalise sous le regime de Vichy. La Medicine du Travail s’efforcait d’eviter les accidents du travail et les maladies professionnelles soit par des conseils, soit par des mesures positives touchant l’amenagement du cadre dans lequel s’effectue le travail. Ce programme a aide les travailleurs a resoudre les problemes de l’humanisation du travail dans l’entreprise. Puisqu’il a ete tres efficace et apprecie par les Francais, apres la fin de la Deuxieme Guerre, ce programme est devenu le systeme important social et culturel aux autres pays mondiaux. A ce point, il serait possible de dire la perspective positive de l’eugenisme francais et de reevaluer l’idee d’Alexis Carrel.
Cependant, nous pouvons remarquer le risque potentiel dans cette perspective. Cette derniere montre que des Francais partagent toujours les idees eugeniques depuis les annees 30. Ces idees eugeniques pouvons conduire les Francais a s’appliquer sur la solution des problemes immigres de nos jours. Apres la Premiere Guerre, la France etait devenue le pays immigre. Les problemes immigres etaient au centre des conflits potentiels dans les annees 30 ou l’idee eugenique d’Alexis Carrel etait favorable. Dans la meme situation, l’eugenisme francais est reevalue au moment que la France est devenue le pays serieux des conflits culturels entre les Francais et les immigres. Donc il est necessaire de garder la distance avec la perspective positive de l’eugenisme francais et la reevaluation de la 《Science de l’Homme》 d’Alexis Carrel.
목차
Ⅰ. 알렉시 카렐의 『미지의 인간』 다시 읽기
Ⅱ. ‘인간학(Science de l’Homme)’과 생명담론
Ⅲ. 카렐의 인간학과 비시정부의 정책
Ⅳ. 프랑스 우생학의 이중성과 오늘날 프랑스 이민자문제
〈참고문헌〉
〈Resume〉
〈Summary〉
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UCI(KEPA) : I410-ECN-0101-2009-926-016520452