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The Problem of Political Corruption and Democratic Consolidation: An Approach of Political Regime
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정치부패의 문제와 민주주의 공고화 : 정치체제 접근

논문 기본 정보

Type
Academic journal
Author
Journal
The Korean Political Science Association Korean Political Science Review Vol.36 No.2 KCI Excellent Accredited Journal
Published
2002.7
Pages
93 - 112 (22page)

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The Problem of Political Corruption and Democratic Consolidation: An Approach of Political Regime
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Abstract· Keywords

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Political corruption is more complicated, politically fatal, and difficult to deter than any other political problem. This is especially true in countries such as Korea that have experienced “The Third Wave” of democratization. This is mainly because their political regimes function dually and are unstable due to weak political institutionalization. Therefore, political corruption and its prevention should be discussed in the context of the political regime. And they should be approached in relation to democratic consolidation.
Political corruption is deemed not only for corrupt behavior committed by the political elite but also for its regime characteristics and systemic outcomes. Political corruption may be defined by three characteristics rooted in self-interest: First, the political elite disregards or violates the dominant values, norms, rules in political organizations, such as political parties, the government and the state. Second, such elite behavior consequently makes the political regime weaken and decayed. Third, the authoritative distribution of social values and resources is ultimately biased for the benefit of the political elite and its supporters.
Authoritarian regimes may be called a regime of political corruption, whereby political power is monopolized by one or few of the leaders. Political corruption is basically the tool that they use to rule to control or influence political relationships. There exist only few opportunities and even less possibility to deter or prevent political corruption.
Democratic regimes, on the other hand, are essentially designed to prevent political corruption. Political power is, in principle, distributed through the procedures and processes of political competition, upon which groups of the political elite have agreed in advance. Corrupt behavior, by contrast, opposes the core principles of democracy, such as the rule of law and political accountability. These injustices, fortunately, can be detected and dealt with due to the political freedom and competition of a democratic regime. As a result, there are now more opportunities and possibilities to deter political corruption.
New democratic regimes, however, are relatively less consistent and effective in terms of anti-corruption policies. This is so, in principal, because authoritarian legacies - behavioral and institutional - still exist to influence political relationships. Moreover, the democratic norms and institutions are weak, incomplete and unstable. The political leadership tends to be so obsessed with electoral outcomes and reform policies that it often disregards the democratic processes and procedures.
In conclusion, the rule of law and political accountability should be asserted and presupposed as part of the norm, and be practiced with no excuses and no exceptions. Under such conditions, the party system and electoral system should be reformed, keeping in mind two considerations: First, the institutional reform should not restrain political freedom and rights of citizens. Second, political cost or funds should be minimized and publicly supported as much as possible.

“제삼의 민주화물결”을 경험한 한국과 같은 국가들에서 정치부패는 정치적으로 보다 복합적이고 치명적이며 또한 억제, 방지하기가 상대적으로 어렵다. 정치제도화가 미흡하여 정치체제는 이중적이고 유동적이기 때문이다. 정치부패 문제는 그러한 정치체제적 조건을 고려하여 논의 이해돼야 하고 그 근본적인 방지책은 민주주의 공고화와 관련하여 우선적으로 모색돼야 한다.
정치부패는 사회에서 정치적 역할을 수행하는 조직들 정당, 정부, 국가에서 정치엘리트가 부여된 역할과 관계를 수행함에 있어서 상호 관련된 각 조직의 지배적인 가치, 규범, 규칙을 개인적 집단적 이해관계로 왜곡 무시하는 행위 때문에 결과적으로 정치체제적 질서와 기능이 쇠퇴하고 사회적 가치와 자원의 권위적인 배분이 왜곡되는 현상이다.
정치권력의 독점체제인 권위주의체제는 본질적으로 정치부패 체제이다. 정치부패는 권위주의 엘리트의 자의적인 통치수단이다. 결과적으로 정치부패는 체제내적으로 해결될 기회와 가능성이 거의 부재하다. 반면에 정치권력의 경쟁체제인 민주주의체제는 본질적으로 정치부패 방지 체제이다. 정치부패는 법치와 정치적 책임 등 민주주의 기본원칙을 정면으로 부정하는 행위와 그 결과이다. 부패행위는 상호 감시와 쟁점의 대상이 되기 때문에 체제내적으로 노출과 방지, 그리고 처벌의 기회와 가능성은 상대적으로 높다.
‘신민주체제’에서 정치부패에 대한 감시, 방지, 처벌에 있어서 정치적 정책적 일관성과 효율성이 민주주의체제에 비하여 상대적으로 미흡하다. 현실적으로 권위주의의 정치적 관행과 제도적 잔재가 존속하고 있고 민주적 규범화와 제도화가 미흡하고 유동적이기 때문이다. 특히 선거 제일주의와 개혁 지상주의에 집착하는 신민주정부의 리더십은 민주화과정에서 스스로 합의한 법제도적 장치와 절차를 왜곡하거나 무력화시킨다. 따라서 정치부패가 보다 효과적으로 방지되기 위하여 무엇보다도 법치와 정치적 책임의 원칙이 규범적으로 전제돼야 하고 현실적으로 엄격하게 실천돼야 한다. 그러한 조건에서 복수정당제와 민주선거제가 시민의 정치적 자유와 권리를 가능한 제한하지 않는 조건에서, 그리고 정치비용을 최대한 축소하고 지원할 수 있는 방향으로 제도적으로 개혁되고 엄격하게 실천돼야 한다.
#정치부패 #정치부패방지 #민주주의 공고화 #정치체제 #신민주체제

Contents

논문요약
Ⅰ. 서론
Ⅱ. 정치부패와 민주화
Ⅲ. 정치부패와 정치체제
Ⅳ. 신민주체제와 정치부패
Ⅴ. 신민주체제의 정치부패 방지
Ⅵ. 결론
참고문헌
영문 요약

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