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초록· 키워드
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The dual system of German vocational training is one of the key-institutions of the German social system of production, which is oriented to a corporative and coordinated market economy and this system has been praised for the efficient education of skilled workers. On the other hand, German VET has been suffering from its biggest structural problem, i. e. its strong dependence on the interests of the employer, because the largest part of the VET takes place in the factory, not in the school. This structure of VET causes a severe unbalance between the need and supply on the market of apprenticeship, compared to the general labor market. This chronic problem comes to light more apparently than ever on the backdrop of the unprecedented scale of current unemployment in Germany.
This article deals with the unemployment of the youth early in the 1950s, which was perceived above all as a crisis of the state's foundation and made big headlines in the press and its political chance for releasing a structural reform of VET. Especially under the ambitious re-education project of the allies, the German school-reform movement triggered by Allied re-education project, and the reform movement of the trade union for the industry and commerce chambers, the high unemployment of young people and the widespread consensus about strong intervention of state power offered a certain opportunity, to convert this social crisis into a political issue, to strengthen the state influence on the system of VET, and even to give an incentive to structurally reform the dual system of VET.
But the state policies against the unemployment of the youth (e. g. the intervention of employment offices(Arbeitsamter), the federal plan for the youth and the introduction of the ninth year into the folk school(Volksschule)) have shown that these were not oriented to correcting the structure of VET and to expanding the state power, which traditionally used to be restricted to legislation and supervision, into this sphere. On the contrary, the employment offices have served as selecting instruments according to the market principle, instead of intervening into the system of VET, as it did under the NS-regime. The federal plan for the youth was carried out under a close cooperation with the employment offices and under a strict selective principle. In result, most of the financial resources flew into the industrial belt, instead of the regions of high unemployment rate. The ninth school year has been already discussed as an explosive issue among the school reformers in terms of extension of the school portion in the VET since the Weimar era. Under immense pressure from the employer, it ended up as a temporary measure against the unemployment of the youth. Both the state and the trade union relied only on the recovering power of the economy, diagnosing the unemployment of the youth not as a structural problem of the VET but as a problem of the economic situation or as a special problem of the postwar-youth. Overall, the state countermeasures have contributed to extend further the pressure of the labor market into the sphere of VET and to reorganize the market of apprenticeship in the more profitability-oriented form.
This article deals with the unemployment of the youth early in the 1950s, which was perceived above all as a crisis of the state's foundation and made big headlines in the press and its political chance for releasing a structural reform of VET. Especially under the ambitious re-education project of the allies, the German school-reform movement triggered by Allied re-education project, and the reform movement of the trade union for the industry and commerce chambers, the high unemployment of young people and the widespread consensus about strong intervention of state power offered a certain opportunity, to convert this social crisis into a political issue, to strengthen the state influence on the system of VET, and even to give an incentive to structurally reform the dual system of VET.
But the state policies against the unemployment of the youth (e. g. the intervention of employment offices(Arbeitsamter), the federal plan for the youth and the introduction of the ninth year into the folk school(Volksschule)) have shown that these were not oriented to correcting the structure of VET and to expanding the state power, which traditionally used to be restricted to legislation and supervision, into this sphere. On the contrary, the employment offices have served as selecting instruments according to the market principle, instead of intervening into the system of VET, as it did under the NS-regime. The federal plan for the youth was carried out under a close cooperation with the employment offices and under a strict selective principle. In result, most of the financial resources flew into the industrial belt, instead of the regions of high unemployment rate. The ninth school year has been already discussed as an explosive issue among the school reformers in terms of extension of the school portion in the VET since the Weimar era. Under immense pressure from the employer, it ended up as a temporary measure against the unemployment of the youth. Both the state and the trade union relied only on the recovering power of the economy, diagnosing the unemployment of the youth not as a structural problem of the VET but as a problem of the economic situation or as a special problem of the postwar-youth. Overall, the state countermeasures have contributed to extend further the pressure of the labor market into the sphere of VET and to reorganize the market of apprenticeship in the more profitability-oriented form.
목차
1. 서론
2. 1950년대 청소년 실업난의 실태와 정치적 잠재력
3. 국가의 청소년 실업대책
4. 결론: 독일직업교육제의 개혁적 재건의 실패와 과제
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