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논문 기본 정보
- 자료유형
- 학술저널
- 저자정보
- 저널정보
- 한국사연구회 한국사연구 韓國史硏究 제192집
- 발행연도
- 2021.3
- 수록면
- 1 - 37 (37page)
- DOI
- 10.31791/JKH.2021.03.192.1
이용수
초록· 키워드
오류제보하기
Dobyeongmasa(都兵馬使), a unique government office of Goryeo, has been noted as the predecessor of Dopyeongeuisasa(都評議使司). However, sufficient research has not taken place regarding it. Studies have found that it was a general consultation body in charge of national defense. The general understanding is that it originated from the position of a Pansa of Dongseobukmyeon Byeongmasa(東西北面兵馬判事), created in the eighth year of King Seongjong(AD 989). This, however, implies that the Dobyeongmasa's jurisdiction will be limited to the northeast and northwest of Goryeo. Moreover, it insinuates that a central government office in charge of national defense was not present before the creation of the Byeongmasa during King Seongjong's reign. Most importantly, there were cases in which the Byeongmapansa, who was present under King Hyeonjong and King Yejong, served his original role of leading Byeongmasa. Thus, it is impossible to regard both Dobyeongmasa and Byeongmapansa as a sequential relationship that served the same role. Hence it was decided that Dobyeongmasa's creation and its role have to be viewed independently of Byeongmasa.
The only record in Baekgwanji(百官志) in The Goryeosa(高麗史) about the early form of Dobyeongmasa is the following: “國初稱都兵馬使 文宗定官制” (In the early years of the dynasty, it was called Dobyeongmasa. As King Munjong established the administrative system...). To interpret this record independently of the Byeongmasa, it is important to note the timing of the “dynasty's early years” and the meaning of “establishment of the administrative system.” According to previous studies, the passage “文宗定官制” in Baekgwanji does not mean that an administrative system was newly established but that an existing system was reorganized. Thus Dobyeongmasa from the dynasty's early days until King Munjong's reign was run differently from the administrative system introduced by King Munjong. So, the question remains since when did Dobyeongmasa originate from the dynasty's early years and how? Although we can only infer based on historical records due to a lack of sufficient resources, the “dynasty's early years” mentioned in Baekgwanji can be traced back to the King Taejo's era(r. 918-943) since there was a position similar to Dobyeongmasa who dealt with national defense issues. According to records from King Taejo's time, there were cases in which the king and his generals made decisions on defense issues in meetings. This “meeting of generals” was an occasion where generals, fighting a war for stabilizing the newly created dynasty, decided strategies and tactics for imminent battles. However, it was also held in peacetime to discuss how to pacify the northern frontiers. Thus, it seems that the practice of discussing national defense issues with a group of military generals during King Taejo's time became, at some point, a general policy meeting called Dobyeongmasa. Hence the meeting of generals under King Taejo can be seen as the prototype of Dobyeongmasa.
What were the initial duties of Dobyeongmasa? Given that Goryeo, after succeeding the Three Kingdoms, continued to expand its northern territories, advancing up to the vicinity of the Yalu River(鴨綠江) under King Seongjong, they secured new northern territories and integrated the areas as part of Goryeo's dominion, making it the major national defense priority in its early years. Thus, the initial duties of Dobyeongmasa can be inferred in relation to these circumstances. One should note the presence of an official (使) in charge of building fortresses who was dispatched to the northern region.
Established in the northern parts of early Goryeo, jin(鎭) was the smallest foothold that connected the frontier. It was set up at strategic locations to maintain and expand the border. However, as the northern region gradually expanded, new jins were set up and the frontier had to be constantly revised upward. Thus, officials were dispatched from the central government to build walls along the frontier, and these were the officials in charge of building fortresses. In early Goryeo, there were loose borders based on citadels(城) instead of a clear-cut borderline. Building new citadels after securing a foothold was an essential task to incorporate the newly secured area into Goryeo's territory. The fact that the construction project meant the contraction of the border can be supported by the fact that those who were dispatched to build walls were in charge of multiple fortresses within a vast area.
The officials in charge of building fortresses were those sent by the king. According to the accounts in Baekgwanji, Dobyeongmasa is the predecessor of the Dopyeongeuisasa. Various historical records show that after King Munjong's reign, Dobyeongmasa was a permanent organization consisting of officials below the Pansa(判事) within a separate government building. However, the name Dobyeongmasa(都兵馬使) does not mean a government office or organization, but rather, an official dispatched by the king, i.e., in a government position. This conflicts with the actual state of affairs. However, this can be understood as a periodic difference, since before King Munjong's administrative system, and particularly in the dynasty's early years, it could have referred to the officials dispatched to deal with specific defense issues, such as setting up frontiers. Thus, Dobyeongmasa in the dynasty's early years and before King Munjong's system referred to an official dispatched for a special purpose rather than one in a permanent government office or organization. It can be inferred that they mainly attended the central government's meetings of generals or implemented national defense agendas that were resolved in the meetings. One of their main tasks was mostly likely to stabilize the frontiers.
The only record in Baekgwanji(百官志) in The Goryeosa(高麗史) about the early form of Dobyeongmasa is the following: “國初稱都兵馬使 文宗定官制” (In the early years of the dynasty, it was called Dobyeongmasa. As King Munjong established the administrative system...). To interpret this record independently of the Byeongmasa, it is important to note the timing of the “dynasty's early years” and the meaning of “establishment of the administrative system.” According to previous studies, the passage “文宗定官制” in Baekgwanji does not mean that an administrative system was newly established but that an existing system was reorganized. Thus Dobyeongmasa from the dynasty's early days until King Munjong's reign was run differently from the administrative system introduced by King Munjong. So, the question remains since when did Dobyeongmasa originate from the dynasty's early years and how? Although we can only infer based on historical records due to a lack of sufficient resources, the “dynasty's early years” mentioned in Baekgwanji can be traced back to the King Taejo's era(r. 918-943) since there was a position similar to Dobyeongmasa who dealt with national defense issues. According to records from King Taejo's time, there were cases in which the king and his generals made decisions on defense issues in meetings. This “meeting of generals” was an occasion where generals, fighting a war for stabilizing the newly created dynasty, decided strategies and tactics for imminent battles. However, it was also held in peacetime to discuss how to pacify the northern frontiers. Thus, it seems that the practice of discussing national defense issues with a group of military generals during King Taejo's time became, at some point, a general policy meeting called Dobyeongmasa. Hence the meeting of generals under King Taejo can be seen as the prototype of Dobyeongmasa.
What were the initial duties of Dobyeongmasa? Given that Goryeo, after succeeding the Three Kingdoms, continued to expand its northern territories, advancing up to the vicinity of the Yalu River(鴨綠江) under King Seongjong, they secured new northern territories and integrated the areas as part of Goryeo's dominion, making it the major national defense priority in its early years. Thus, the initial duties of Dobyeongmasa can be inferred in relation to these circumstances. One should note the presence of an official (使) in charge of building fortresses who was dispatched to the northern region.
Established in the northern parts of early Goryeo, jin(鎭) was the smallest foothold that connected the frontier. It was set up at strategic locations to maintain and expand the border. However, as the northern region gradually expanded, new jins were set up and the frontier had to be constantly revised upward. Thus, officials were dispatched from the central government to build walls along the frontier, and these were the officials in charge of building fortresses. In early Goryeo, there were loose borders based on citadels(城) instead of a clear-cut borderline. Building new citadels after securing a foothold was an essential task to incorporate the newly secured area into Goryeo's territory. The fact that the construction project meant the contraction of the border can be supported by the fact that those who were dispatched to build walls were in charge of multiple fortresses within a vast area.
The officials in charge of building fortresses were those sent by the king. According to the accounts in Baekgwanji, Dobyeongmasa is the predecessor of the Dopyeongeuisasa. Various historical records show that after King Munjong's reign, Dobyeongmasa was a permanent organization consisting of officials below the Pansa(判事) within a separate government building. However, the name Dobyeongmasa(都兵馬使) does not mean a government office or organization, but rather, an official dispatched by the king, i.e., in a government position. This conflicts with the actual state of affairs. However, this can be understood as a periodic difference, since before King Munjong's administrative system, and particularly in the dynasty's early years, it could have referred to the officials dispatched to deal with specific defense issues, such as setting up frontiers. Thus, Dobyeongmasa in the dynasty's early years and before King Munjong's system referred to an official dispatched for a special purpose rather than one in a permanent government office or organization. It can be inferred that they mainly attended the central government's meetings of generals or implemented national defense agendas that were resolved in the meetings. One of their main tasks was mostly likely to stabilize the frontiers.
목차
I. 서론
Ⅱ. 『백관지』 기록에 담긴 변화상
Ⅲ. 도병마사의 시원적 형태와 역할
Ⅳ. 결론
참고문헌
ABSTRACT
참고문헌 (35)
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