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Indigenous Modernity of Donghak(Korean Learning): Focused on the View of Human and World in the Philosophy of Choi Sihyong
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동학의 자생적 근대성: 해월 최시형의 인간관과 세계관을 중심으로

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Type
Academic journal
Author
Journal
Graduate School of Theology 신학과 철학 신학과 철학 제36호 KCI Accredited Journals
Published
2020.1
Pages
223 - 243 (21page)

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Indigenous Modernity of Donghak(Korean Learning): Focused on the View of Human and World in the Philosophy of Choi Sihyong
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This essay attempts to discover Donghak(東學)’s modernity in the context of the history of Korean thought. Until now, previous studies on the modernity of Donghak have been done based on the Western modernity. In this essay, I will define ‘new(modernus) thoughts’ different from Joseon’s neo-confucianism as Korean modernity, focusing on Donghk’s view of man and world. Choi Jaewoo who found Donghak, literally meaning ‘Korean Learning’, interpreted indigenous ‘Haneul’(Tien in Chinese, Heaven as God in English) as cosmic vital energy, and proposed a whole new view of man, “Everyone has Haneul within him or her.” Choi Sihyong developed it as ‘Heavenly Man’(Tien Ren in Chinese), and expanded the meaning of ‘Haneul’ to ‘Heaven and Earth’(Tiendi in Chinese) which offers cosmic vital energy to myriad things. Thus, myriad things in the philosophy of Choi Sihyong are regarded as the son and daughters of Heaven and Earth, and every movement of human as a outer expression of cosmic vital energy of Heaven and Earth. This means every expression of human is considered as divine activity. At this point, the great transformation(Gaebyok開闢) from ‘述shu’(interpret) to ‘作zuo’(create) occurs, and everyone rebirth into creative subject. This is the difference in the view of man between Danghak and Joseon neo-Confucianism. Also, Choi Sihyong interprets universe not from the moral point of view but from the ecological one, and regards it as a network of ‘transformation of vital energy’(Qihua氣化), each heavens(beings) owning its life to other heavens(beings). In other words, universe is a kind of ‘an ecological network.’ In this world of life-network, any being can not live alone, and have to maintain its own life depending on others. Thus, each one is an independent being on one hand, and dependent being on the other hand. In short, Donghak has transformed anthropocentric world view of confucianism to ecocentric one. This philosophical tendency is not so much Western modernity as Western post-modernity. Cheondogyo(Teaching of Heavenly way) succeeding Donghak has interpreted Western modernity in the base of Donghak’s world view, and so having post-modern tendency as well as modern one in Western meaning. This characterizes Korean modernity in Donghak and Cheondogyo.

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