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Purpose: Previous studies on adrenal incidentalomas (AIs) are limited by their retrospective design, small numbers of patients,Western populations, or use of an outdated imaging technique. We investigated the characteristics of AIs in Korean patients andcompared them with those reported in the largest retrospective study in Italy to discover the effects of improved imaging techniquesand ethnicity differences. Materials and Methods: This was a prospective, multicenter, cross-sectional observational study including 1005 Korean patients. Levels of plasma adrenocorticotrophic hormone, 24-h urinary free cortisol (UFC), serum cortisol after a 1 mg-dexamethasonesuppression test, 24-h urinary fractionated metanephrine, and plasma aldosterone and plasma renin activity were measured. AllAIs were characterized using computed tomography (CT). Results: Compared with the results of the Italian study, AIs in Korean patients were observed more frequently in men and predominantlyon the left side. Korean patients with AIs were slightly younger, and fewer patients underwent surgery. Most AIs werenonfunctional in both studies, while fewer subclinical hypercortisolism and more primary aldosteronism (PA) cases were detectedin Korean patients. In our study, high UFC levels showed very low sensitivity, compared to those in the Italian study. In pheochromocytomaor PA cases, there were no hormonal differences between the studies. AIs in Korean patients were smaller, suchthat a lower cutoff size for detecting adrenocortical carcinoma (ACC) could be warranted. Conclusion: Recent advances in CT technology were leveraged to provide accurate characteristics of AIs and to detect smallerACCs.

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