본 연구는 태권도의 품새보다 앞서 국제종목에 진입한 우슈의 투로와 가라데의 카타 경기규정을 비교하고 품새가 다른 두 종목보다 미흡한 부분을 파악하여 경기규정의 개선방안에 대한 방향성을 제시하고자 하였다. Bereday(1964)의 4단계 비교방법을 수정, 활용하여 각 종목의 연맹에서 발간한 경기규정을 대상으로 경기방식, 심판관련요인, 채점기준으로 분류하고 분석과 비교를 실시하였다. 연구결과 품새가 카타나 투로보다 폭 넓게 연령층을 세분시켜 청소년부터 장년층까지 다양한 연령층의 참여가 가능하도록 실시하고 있었고 경기에서 실시하고 있는 품새, 카타, 투로의 종류는 카타가 84가지, 품새 13가지, 투로 12가지로 나타났다. 각 종목 별 채점 기준에서 나타난 결과는 품새는 각 품새별로 세부적인 채점 기준을 정하고 있으며, 카타는 전통적인 방식과 원칙을 강조하고 있다. 투로는 앞의 2가지 측면과 함께 창의적인 측면에 대한 요인을 경기규정으로 정하고 있는 것으로 나타났다.
Taekwondo Pumsae(patterns) competition has played a positive role in improving various aspects of Taekwondo, such the chivalry feature, martial art feature, and every day life sport feature, shifting away from the focus on duels. As a result, a growing number of people are practicing Pumsae, and more than 10 Pumsae competitions have been held nationwide. Moreover, Pumsae was adopted as a new type of sports in Summer Universiade Competition, one of international competitions, and Pumsae is expected to become a formal sports as duel.
However, the development of Pumsae competition have given rise to many problems. As problems arose from important factors of competition, such as the method for competition, umpire, criteria for scoring, etc, the situation is not favorable for Pumsae to become an official sport in international competitions. This study attempted to suggest the direction of improving the rule of match by comparing the Turo of Ushu and Kata of Karate, which were adopted as international sports and identifying the shortcomings of Pumsae compared to the
aforesaid two different rules of match. By modifying and applying the 4 step method for comparison that had been created by Bereday(1964), three categories were classified, which were the 'method for competition', 'factors associated with umpire', and the 'criteria for scoring', as to the rule of match issued by the federation of each sport, and subsequently, the analyses and comparisons were conducted. The findings of the study indicated that Pumsae was practiced in a way that enabled people of various age groups, such as adolescents and middle-aged people, to participate as it was segmented more broadly than Kata or Turo, and it was found that Kata had 84 patterns, Pumsae 13 patterns, and Turo 12 patterns that were practiced in matches. Kata practiced both the 'optional type' which recognizes the patterns modified by the class of instructor and the 'compulsory pattern' that has to be demonstrated exactly according to the traditionally original type, and furthermore, the demonstration which applies the motions of type called "Breakdown Demonstration“ to the real fight was performed compulsorily in the group competition final match. Turo match was performed according to the rule by referring to the difficulty of each motion beforehand, such as Changsinnando. The motions of Pumsae are demonstrated according to the predefined rule. Turo allows music to be utilized, while Kana and Pumsae do not allow music to be used. In relation to the scoring, the performance of Pumsae is evaluated on the basis of 7-umpire or 5-umpire system with the scores being determined by deducting the scores according to the rule based on the accuracy(5 scores) and presentation(5 scores) and then calculating the average scores after excluding the highest score and lowest scores given by umpires. The scoring system of Kata is based on 3-umpire or 5-umpire system, and the winner is selected through the scores and blue-and-red flag system. In Turo, 10 umpires are grouped separately: Group A is composed of 10 umpires, and Group B is composed of 4 umpires. And Group C consists of 3 umpires. Group A evaluates the motion mass(5 scores) and Group B evaluates the level of presentation(3 scores). Meanwhile, Group C evaluates the level of difficulty to the player(2 scores). The scores of Group A are the scores that take the confirmed deduction in scores into account, and the scores of Group B are derived by deducting the grade scores of presentation(performance) level, which are given by two umpires, from scores deducted for the formation error of the remaining two umpires. The scores of Group C are derived by adding the scores, given by more than 2 umpires, for the motion difficulty and connection difficulty of player, and the final scores are calculated by adding and deducting scores for the Changsinnando of umpire to and from the total scores of Group A, Group B, and Group C. Turo is the only one that applies addition of scores, unlike Pumsae and Kata. Based on the results of the scoring criteria in each sport, it was found that Pumsae had the detailed criteria for scoring by each pattern while Kata put an emphasis on the traditional methods and principle. Turo was found to incorporate two aforesaid aspects and creative features into the rule of match.