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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학술저널
저자정보
저널정보
언어과학회 언어과학연구 언어과학연구 제10집
발행연도
1993.12
수록면
1 - 46 (46page)

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The description of English modals has not been satisfactory in the traditional or school grammar books in Korea. In this study, therefore, I attempted t o investigate the semantic system of English modality expressed by modals and some related modal regulating devices in comparison with their Korean counterparts, intending to be a contribution t o our deeper understanding of English and Korean modality. The results of study are as follows : (1) The English modality is mainly expressed by modal auxiliaries which form a grammatical category. The Korean modality is realized in terms of lexical expressions as well as some grammatical particles (i.e. ‘겠’ keyss / ‘ㄹ것’ ulkes / ‘ㄹ수’ ulswu / etc.) and honorific sentential suffixes. The two languages are very different in morphology and syntax. (2) The English modals are polysemous and they are essentially ambiguous. In some cases it is not possible t o decide between two possible categories (i.e. Epistemic and Root). The ambiguity is usually resolved by the context. Some of the Korean modal particles ((i.e. ‘겠’ keyss / ‘ㄹ것’ elkes / ‘ㄹ수’ ulswu are also polysemous, but most of other devices are mono-semantically realized : different devices mean different modality. (3) Epistemic meaning is easy t o categorize with syntactic and semantic associations both in English and Korean. The categories of E-modality differ from each other only in terms of the degree of probability : possibility, predictability, and necessity, which are expressed as ‘ㄹ지도 모른다’ [ulcidomorunda], ‘ㄹ수 있다’ [ulsuitta], ‘ㄹ것이다’[ulkesida], ‘임에 틀림없다’ [~imetulim-ebta] respectively. (4) The R modals in English cover a wider spectrum of meaning. They are more heterogeneous than E modals in many ways. Their meaning (i.e. ability, possibility, permission, obligation, intention) range between subjectivity and objectivity as well as between strong and weak scales. The same is true in the Korean counterparts. (5) The English modal expressions are analytic, whereas the Korean ones are comprehensive. The Korean modal particle for obligation ‘야’ [ja], for example, covers the whole gamut of meanings of English modals of obligation including `must`, `have to`, `should`, `ought to`, `had better`, `be bound to`, etc. (6) The meanings of modal expressions in both languages are closely related with indirect speech acts. They usually soften the directness of a given sentence. R-modals in particular tend to be conventionally used as indirect requests implicating politeness in the speaker`s attitude. (7) In English the secondary modals (i.e. might / could / would / should / ought) are used to express politeness, because they implicate such semantic features as conditionality, tentativeness, remoteness and politeness. In Korean there is no such system. Instead, Korean people use different honorific suffixes in accordance with different levels of speech, which were not dealt with in this study. (8) In both languages, modal expressions may combine with one another to make a sentence sound more or less polite. In my investigation, English people use the politeness-regulating devices more frequently than Korean people. An English example goes like this : `Would you mind awfully if I asked you if you could write me a letter of recomendation?` The Korean modal expressions are very limited in such a combination. It would be very awkwand to put the sentence into Korean word by word. We can make a rough assessment of relative politeness by counting the number of politeness regulating devices in a given sentence. (9) I have applied the English modal expressions to similar expressions in the Korean language and found out that though the two modal systems are complex and fuzzy, they share many similarities in terms of semantics and pragmatics.

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