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This paper explored the semantic analyses of the predicates in existential constructions, in particular the analyses of existential verbs’ internal stages in event structures. The non self-sufficiency of verbs’ meaning is a prevailing phenomenon in languages, which could be proven by the action meaning of verbs and the existential meaning of the integration with participating elements in existential constructions in Chinese. Therefore, this paper used ‘V-zhe’ as the predicates in existential constructions, and analyzed the existential verbs via the six stages of event process by Lakoff & Johnson (1999), which could not only reduce the deviation of the predicates in constructions, but also purify the analyses of the predicates. Grammar was introduced to the event analyses, and shared similar holism with constructive grammar. The main investigation of this paper can be divided into three parts, and the main results are shown below:
Firstly, the interactions between the semantic construction and event process of ‘V-zhe’ were analyzed. Lakoff and Johnson (1999) claimed that a complete event should include preparing stage, initial stage, middle stage, final stage, and ending stage or resulting state. We believe that in the internal stages of event constructions, ‘V-zhe’ belongs to the middle stage/process, whether it is active or static. In fact, the differentiation of active or static depends on the meaning of the verb. Action verbs are mostly continuous. The continuity of the verb and the double internal construction of the ‘zhe’ represented the continuity and process of the event, which is the continuity of resulting states and behavioral actions and the integration of participating elements (the realization of expressing the existential meaning and existential ways).
Second, in order to clarify the classification, verbs were divided as transitive and intransitive. Intransitive verbs include ‘posture verbs’, ‘movement verbs’, and ‘non-movement verbs’; transitive verbs include ‘placement verbs’, ‘accomplishment verbs’, ‘food-processing verbs’, ‘holding verbs’, ‘dressing verbs’, ‘purposefully acting verbs’, and ‘growing verbs’. They all have common forming and semantic characteristics. In the stages of observing events, it is inevitably compared to ‘V-le’. It can be concluded that ‘V-le’ is the predicate of statement while ‘V-zhe’ is the predicate of descriptive. If they both represent the continuity of completing actions, they are interchangeable in static existential constructions. However, by observing the internal stages of events, there exist causal relationship andimplying relationship between them. The existence of the sequential continuity in the time continuum, probably because certain action leads to certain results. For example, ‘someone put a book on the table’ caused there is a book on the table.’ The latter is the result of the former, and also implies the continuity of the event.
Third, because the focus on the semantic analysis, this paper adopted a simple view of the ‘V-zhe’ principle in the static existential construction (also known as agent deletion principle). Existential construction describes the continuity of completing actions and spatial state of event processes, and hence there is no agent in the sentence. Even if there is an agent, it can be viewed as the subject of existential state rather than the agent of the action verbs.
Firstly, the interactions between the semantic construction and event process of ‘V-zhe’ were analyzed. Lakoff and Johnson (1999) claimed that a complete event should include preparing stage, initial stage, middle stage, final stage, and ending stage or resulting state. We believe that in the internal stages of event constructions, ‘V-zhe’ belongs to the middle stage/process, whether it is active or static. In fact, the differentiation of active or static depends on the meaning of the verb. Action verbs are mostly continuous. The continuity of the verb and the double internal construction of the ‘zhe’ represented the continuity and process of the event, which is the continuity of resulting states and behavioral actions and the integration of participating elements (the realization of expressing the existential meaning and existential ways).
Second, in order to clarify the classification, verbs were divided as transitive and intransitive. Intransitive verbs include ‘posture verbs’, ‘movement verbs’, and ‘non-movement verbs’; transitive verbs include ‘placement verbs’, ‘accomplishment verbs’, ‘food-processing verbs’, ‘holding verbs’, ‘dressing verbs’, ‘purposefully acting verbs’, and ‘growing verbs’. They all have common forming and semantic characteristics. In the stages of observing events, it is inevitably compared to ‘V-le’. It can be concluded that ‘V-le’ is the predicate of statement while ‘V-zhe’ is the predicate of descriptive. If they both represent the continuity of completing actions, they are interchangeable in static existential constructions. However, by observing the internal stages of events, there exist causal relationship andimplying relationship between them. The existence of the sequential continuity in the time continuum, probably because certain action leads to certain results. For example, ‘someone put a book on the table’ caused there is a book on the table.’ The latter is the result of the former, and also implies the continuity of the event.
Third, because the focus on the semantic analysis, this paper adopted a simple view of the ‘V-zhe’ principle in the static existential construction (also known as agent deletion principle). Existential construction describes the continuity of completing actions and spatial state of event processes, and hence there is no agent in the sentence. Even if there is an agent, it can be viewed as the subject of existential state rather than the agent of the action verbs.
목차
1. 들어가기
2. 존재동사의 비 자립성(非自足性)과 의미특징
3. 자동사(Vt)로 구성된 존재구문의 특징과 사건구조
4. 타동사(Vi)로 구성된 존재구문과 ‘着’의 규칙
5. 나오기
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〈ABSTRACT〉
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