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The purpose of the paper is to study forced migrations of Soviet Koreans by the Russian/Soviet government in the Soviet Far East from a political geography perspective.
Forced transfers of Soviet minorities are closely related with propagation of Soviet political ideologies across frontiers. In this regard we need mention the Piedmont principle, which Terry Martin, an American historian, refers to as "the Soviet attempt to exploit cross-border ethnic ties to project Soviet influence abroad."
The Piedmont principle was implemented in the Soviet Union primarily in 1920s. Specifically speaking, after having felt its frontiers secure, the Soviet Union wanted to project its influence across borders, especially along its western borders. As time went by, however, the principle, which was designed to bring ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and provide them with various privilege for their favorable judgement of the Soviet Union, had undoubtedly fueled Soviet xenophobia. As a result, there were many ethnic cleansings in 1930s by the Soviet authorities.
These phenomena regarding the Piedmont principle could be applied in cases of Soviet Koreans. There were three mass deportations of Soviet Koreans: transfer to Blagoslovennoye in 1871, to Khabarovsk area in late 1920s. and to Central Asia in 1937. Behind these mass deportations of Soviet Koreans from border areas especially in 1920s and 1930s was a deep Soviet fear that Japanese government which was dominating neighboring area of the Soviet Far East was sending its agents among Soviet Koreans in the regions, thereby propagating its ideologies among the people in the border area. Furthermore, Soviet authorities suspected that Japanese government was systematically involved in Korean migration in the Soviet Far East and that consequently it could lead to annexation of Soviet territory to the area under the Japanese rule. As a result of action to avert this disastrous situation, ethnic Koreans in the Soviet Union were deported forcefully by Soviet authorities.
From this viewpoint, this paper argued that forced deportations of Soviet Koreans to Khabarovsk area in late 1920s and to the Central Asia in 1937 resulted from failure of Piedmont principle. That is, Japanese influence was pushing into the Soviet Far East through Korean immigrants in the border area rather than the Soviet ideological influence was pushing outside across its borders, unlike what the Piedmont principle argued.
Finally, the Piedmont principle, which emphasized ideological aspects in ethnic migration, could not properly explain Korean transfers to Blagoslovennoye in 1871, in which non-ideological incentives were more effective in enticing for Korean immigrants. In this sense a new concept, which could integrate both non-ideological and ideological incentives, should be forwarded to see the whole picture of forced Korean deportations in the Soviet Far East.
Forced transfers of Soviet minorities are closely related with propagation of Soviet political ideologies across frontiers. In this regard we need mention the Piedmont principle, which Terry Martin, an American historian, refers to as "the Soviet attempt to exploit cross-border ethnic ties to project Soviet influence abroad."
The Piedmont principle was implemented in the Soviet Union primarily in 1920s. Specifically speaking, after having felt its frontiers secure, the Soviet Union wanted to project its influence across borders, especially along its western borders. As time went by, however, the principle, which was designed to bring ethnic minorities in the Soviet Union and provide them with various privilege for their favorable judgement of the Soviet Union, had undoubtedly fueled Soviet xenophobia. As a result, there were many ethnic cleansings in 1930s by the Soviet authorities.
These phenomena regarding the Piedmont principle could be applied in cases of Soviet Koreans. There were three mass deportations of Soviet Koreans: transfer to Blagoslovennoye in 1871, to Khabarovsk area in late 1920s. and to Central Asia in 1937. Behind these mass deportations of Soviet Koreans from border areas especially in 1920s and 1930s was a deep Soviet fear that Japanese government which was dominating neighboring area of the Soviet Far East was sending its agents among Soviet Koreans in the regions, thereby propagating its ideologies among the people in the border area. Furthermore, Soviet authorities suspected that Japanese government was systematically involved in Korean migration in the Soviet Far East and that consequently it could lead to annexation of Soviet territory to the area under the Japanese rule. As a result of action to avert this disastrous situation, ethnic Koreans in the Soviet Union were deported forcefully by Soviet authorities.
From this viewpoint, this paper argued that forced deportations of Soviet Koreans to Khabarovsk area in late 1920s and to the Central Asia in 1937 resulted from failure of Piedmont principle. That is, Japanese influence was pushing into the Soviet Far East through Korean immigrants in the border area rather than the Soviet ideological influence was pushing outside across its borders, unlike what the Piedmont principle argued.
Finally, the Piedmont principle, which emphasized ideological aspects in ethnic migration, could not properly explain Korean transfers to Blagoslovennoye in 1871, in which non-ideological incentives were more effective in enticing for Korean immigrants. In this sense a new concept, which could integrate both non-ideological and ideological incentives, should be forwarded to see the whole picture of forced Korean deportations in the Soviet Far East.
목차
Ⅰ. 문제제기
Ⅱ. 소련의 영토ㆍ국경관과 소수민족 이주문제
Ⅲ. 러시아/소련 극동의 국경지역과 한인들의 상황
Ⅳ. 러시아/소련 극동지역 한인이주의 사례
Ⅴ. 논의와 함의
참고문헌
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