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This paper is an attempt to explore the determining factor to cause many of Lianghuai salt merchants' bankruptcy by the end of the 1830s, when the Qing government had to initiate a comprehensive reform program to rescue its salt administration out of the unprecedented crisis.
Some scholars have argued that the rising silver price was the most important factor to exhaust Lianghuai merchants' enormous capital, which they had managed to accumulate during the 18th century, when copper-cash/silver exchange rate was favorable to them. But the proponents of this argument has failed to provide us with any relevant evidences to prove it. Moreover, this argument was built upon a wrong assumption that the salt in Lianghuai was officially priced in terms of copper cash. In fact, as far as the business of transport merchants in Lianghuai were concerned, salt was priced in terms of silver, not copper cash.
It is possible that the rising silver price caused the retail price of salt to increase, which in turn widened the price gap between legal and illegal salt, causing trade in the latter to expand rapidly. However, the changes in salt prices and sales returns of the transport merchants tells us that this effect, at least by the 1830s, was not so serious to make us regard the silver price as the most important factor in determining the fortune of the Lianghuai merchants.
A quantitative analysis undertaken in this paper leads us to another direction. From the last decade of Qianlong reign to the first decade of Daoguang reign, transport merchants in Lianghuai failed to meet the salt sales quota. They had to pay to the government more than 28 million taels of silver to complete their salt tax liability to the unsold salt. During the same period, in order to help the Qing government defray unexpected expenditures, Lianghuai merchants made large contributory payments, which were nominally out of their volition but mostly compulsory in reality, which amounted to almost 73 million taels in total. The fact that the liability to the unsold salt and the contributory payments accounted for most of the capital loss suffered by Lianghuai salt merchants makes us to regard the tax burden, defined in a broader sense, as the most important factor to force the salt merchants to fall into the unprecedented crisis by the end of 1830s, after which, I think, the negative impacts of rising silver price loomed much larger than before, to which phenomenon I will turn my attention next time.
Some scholars have argued that the rising silver price was the most important factor to exhaust Lianghuai merchants' enormous capital, which they had managed to accumulate during the 18th century, when copper-cash/silver exchange rate was favorable to them. But the proponents of this argument has failed to provide us with any relevant evidences to prove it. Moreover, this argument was built upon a wrong assumption that the salt in Lianghuai was officially priced in terms of copper cash. In fact, as far as the business of transport merchants in Lianghuai were concerned, salt was priced in terms of silver, not copper cash.
It is possible that the rising silver price caused the retail price of salt to increase, which in turn widened the price gap between legal and illegal salt, causing trade in the latter to expand rapidly. However, the changes in salt prices and sales returns of the transport merchants tells us that this effect, at least by the 1830s, was not so serious to make us regard the silver price as the most important factor in determining the fortune of the Lianghuai merchants.
A quantitative analysis undertaken in this paper leads us to another direction. From the last decade of Qianlong reign to the first decade of Daoguang reign, transport merchants in Lianghuai failed to meet the salt sales quota. They had to pay to the government more than 28 million taels of silver to complete their salt tax liability to the unsold salt. During the same period, in order to help the Qing government defray unexpected expenditures, Lianghuai merchants made large contributory payments, which were nominally out of their volition but mostly compulsory in reality, which amounted to almost 73 million taels in total. The fact that the liability to the unsold salt and the contributory payments accounted for most of the capital loss suffered by Lianghuai salt merchants makes us to regard the tax burden, defined in a broader sense, as the most important factor to force the salt merchants to fall into the unprecedented crisis by the end of 1830s, after which, I think, the negative impacts of rising silver price loomed much larger than before, to which phenomenon I will turn my attention next time.
목차
Ⅰ. 問題의 所在
Ⅱ. ‘銀價衝擊說’ 비판
Ⅲ. 運商의 수입: 가격, 판매량, 매출액
Ⅳ. 運商의 지출 증가: 包賠, 捐輸, 加價를 중심으로
Ⅴ. 結論
〈부록〉
〈Abstract〉
참고문헌 (93)
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