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The purpose of this paper is to examine the process and the background of adopting the Chinese writing by the early Korean peoples in relation with the formation of their own states. The early Korean people had to learn the Chinese civilization to make their own states in order to survive in the struggle with Chinese empires. Learning Chinese civilization for them necessarily meant adopting Chinese writing, for they did not have their own writing. According to the Chinese historiographies, the early Chosun Kingdom and its small neighbours already had exchanged the diplomatic letters with the Qin-Han empire, and there were lot of the Chinese people who had fled ITom the wars and disorder in China. Certainly, some of the Chinese living in "the world of eastern barbarians" must be literate, and through them the Chinese writing began to be introduced to the '''eastern barbarians". The Four commanderies of the Han empire settled in the end of the second century B.C. were the local centers of the Chinese civilization from which the Chinese writing culture could be spread to the "eastern barbarians". The commandery administration had imposed the Chinese writing on the "eastern barbarians!! directly subjected to the Chinese rule. However, the most of the "eastern barbarians" were living beyond the reach of the commandery rule, and there was no urgent reason to learn the Chinese writing for them.
Some Japanese scholars insisted that the diplomatic relation with the Chinese empire which demanded the exchange of the official letters was the primary reason for "the barbarians" to adopt the Chinese writing and its culture. They supposed that sending the letters to China by "the eastern barbarians" meant their adoption of Chinese writing. But the records of "sending the letters by the eastern barbarians" in the Chinese historiogrphies necessarily meant that they really sent the letters. For for some official letters from the "barbarians" actually were composed by the Chinese officials; there are many examples of the Chinese immigrants reading and writing the diplomatic letters for "the barbarians" ; and that in early period the exchange of diplomatic letters was not so frequent as to make "the barbarians" feel the need of adopting the Chinese writing.
The need for learning Chinese writing for them was not urgent until they began to make their own state after model of Chinese bureaucratic system which requires the highly developed writing system.
According to the Chinese historiogrphies, Koguryo and Paekjae from the 4th century, Silla from the later half of 6th century, respectively, had widely adopted the Chinese writing, and by the 7th century these civilization among "the barbarians". According to the History of Three Kingdoms, Koguryo began to record its history from the beginning of its rise. There is no positive evidence to support this tradition. The analysis of the names of officials of Koguryo reported in the biography of Koguryo of the History of Three Dynasties, however, leads to a conclusion that the bureaucratic system of the 3rd century Koguryo had already adopted the Chinese writing. A silver bowel with the inscription of yeonsoo(延壽) indicates that at the latest by the middle of the 5th century Silla also had organized the bureaucratic administration with the Chinese writing. To the successful adoption of the Chinese writing by the Three Kingdoms, the contribution of the literate Chinese immigrants can not be neglected. After the abolishment the Chinese commanderies in "the world of eastern barbarians", a lot of Chinese people of former commanderies were absorbed to the Three Kingdoms. Although they had played an important role in the early stage of diplomacy and administration, however, they could not participate in the real political power. Because "the eastern barbarian states" had still preserved the clan and pu(部) system upon which the social and political status of the individual was decided, it was almost impossible for foreign technocrats to ascend to the high ranking positions having real power. Moreover, the Three Kingdoms were based on the society of warriors, and they had no traditions to respect the writing as a sacred medium to correspond with the gods or supernatural beings. The Three Kingdoms had welcomed and well treated the literatus, but never had given the real power to them.
Some Japanese scholars insisted that the diplomatic relation with the Chinese empire which demanded the exchange of the official letters was the primary reason for "the barbarians" to adopt the Chinese writing and its culture. They supposed that sending the letters to China by "the eastern barbarians" meant their adoption of Chinese writing. But the records of "sending the letters by the eastern barbarians" in the Chinese historiogrphies necessarily meant that they really sent the letters. For for some official letters from the "barbarians" actually were composed by the Chinese officials; there are many examples of the Chinese immigrants reading and writing the diplomatic letters for "the barbarians" ; and that in early period the exchange of diplomatic letters was not so frequent as to make "the barbarians" feel the need of adopting the Chinese writing.
The need for learning Chinese writing for them was not urgent until they began to make their own state after model of Chinese bureaucratic system which requires the highly developed writing system.
According to the Chinese historiogrphies, Koguryo and Paekjae from the 4th century, Silla from the later half of 6th century, respectively, had widely adopted the Chinese writing, and by the 7th century these civilization among "the barbarians". According to the History of Three Kingdoms, Koguryo began to record its history from the beginning of its rise. There is no positive evidence to support this tradition. The analysis of the names of officials of Koguryo reported in the biography of Koguryo of the History of Three Dynasties, however, leads to a conclusion that the bureaucratic system of the 3rd century Koguryo had already adopted the Chinese writing. A silver bowel with the inscription of yeonsoo(延壽) indicates that at the latest by the middle of the 5th century Silla also had organized the bureaucratic administration with the Chinese writing. To the successful adoption of the Chinese writing by the Three Kingdoms, the contribution of the literate Chinese immigrants can not be neglected. After the abolishment the Chinese commanderies in "the world of eastern barbarians", a lot of Chinese people of former commanderies were absorbed to the Three Kingdoms. Although they had played an important role in the early stage of diplomacy and administration, however, they could not participate in the real political power. Because "the eastern barbarian states" had still preserved the clan and pu(部) system upon which the social and political status of the individual was decided, it was almost impossible for foreign technocrats to ascend to the high ranking positions having real power. Moreover, the Three Kingdoms were based on the society of warriors, and they had no traditions to respect the writing as a sacred medium to correspond with the gods or supernatural beings. The Three Kingdoms had welcomed and well treated the literatus, but never had given the real power to them.
목차
Ⅰ. 머리말
Ⅱ. 中國流民과 郡縣支配의 遺産
Ⅲ. 外交와 漢字
Ⅳ. 文書行政과 漢字
Ⅴ. 國家의 性格과 識者層의 身分
Ⅵ. 餘論
Abstract
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