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The problem of bread and politics has aroused much interests not only as a topic of history research but also as a research theme of the ancient roman history. The city of Rome is estimated to have more or less doubled its size between 130-30 B.C. from about
400,000 to 800,000 people, and to have continued to increase to something over a million people in the early Empire.
The rural poor, who are said to have flocked to Rome to seek a living, were dispossessed not simply by crop failure and debt, but also by the influx of slave labour. Many poor farmers turned to day wage labours. Many rural migrant alternated between town and country according to where they could find work. Therefore the growth in urban population mass-produced the people of the lower classes. It was slaves, foreigners, and the people of the lower classes who suffered when there were food shortage and then the famine. Now the lower classes are held fast by two things above au, the food supply and public spectacles, namely' bread and circus'.
No emperors ever dared to neglect the food supply not its price when fluctuations occurred. The public rioting against Claudius in A.D. 51, who had to be rescued from the mob in the forum by his guards when it was rumoured there was food shortage, is one of the many incidents that show the "moral rights" exercised by the people of the lower classes.
In the grain market state control of prices as a check against private speculators was a process well known from early periods of history. It is clear that successive emperors were prepared to intervene to regulate the market, fixing prices in emergencies, acting against hoarding, ensuring regular, adequate supplies, supplementing contracts with direct state requisitioning or purchase when necessary and probably releasing state supplies which were surplus to the frumentationes into the open market.
Food shortage and famine in the ancient Rome could give rise to political instability. Therefore some measures had to be taken to control the famine crisis. Under the serious food shortage the grain price went up and the people of the lower classes who declined a relative purchasing power were exposed most directly to the danger of famine. Accordingly the food supply to the lower classes was a political issue. They voluntarily coped with the food shortage or famine in the form of famine demonstration.
400,000 to 800,000 people, and to have continued to increase to something over a million people in the early Empire.
The rural poor, who are said to have flocked to Rome to seek a living, were dispossessed not simply by crop failure and debt, but also by the influx of slave labour. Many poor farmers turned to day wage labours. Many rural migrant alternated between town and country according to where they could find work. Therefore the growth in urban population mass-produced the people of the lower classes. It was slaves, foreigners, and the people of the lower classes who suffered when there were food shortage and then the famine. Now the lower classes are held fast by two things above au, the food supply and public spectacles, namely' bread and circus'.
No emperors ever dared to neglect the food supply not its price when fluctuations occurred. The public rioting against Claudius in A.D. 51, who had to be rescued from the mob in the forum by his guards when it was rumoured there was food shortage, is one of the many incidents that show the "moral rights" exercised by the people of the lower classes.
In the grain market state control of prices as a check against private speculators was a process well known from early periods of history. It is clear that successive emperors were prepared to intervene to regulate the market, fixing prices in emergencies, acting against hoarding, ensuring regular, adequate supplies, supplementing contracts with direct state requisitioning or purchase when necessary and probably releasing state supplies which were surplus to the frumentationes into the open market.
Food shortage and famine in the ancient Rome could give rise to political instability. Therefore some measures had to be taken to control the famine crisis. Under the serious food shortage the grain price went up and the people of the lower classes who declined a relative purchasing power were exposed most directly to the danger of famine. Accordingly the food supply to the lower classes was a political issue. They voluntarily coped with the food shortage or famine in the form of famine demonstration.
목차
1. 서언
2. 식량위기와 기아
3. 기아와 정치
4. 기아위기의 관리
5. 결어
Abstract
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