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A historical diary of Japan Zoku Nihon ki 속일본기, Vol. 19, includes a report by Otomo Sukune Komaro, a deputy chief of the Japanese mission to T'ang China, regarding the diplomatic relationships between T'ang, Silla and Japan in the 8th century. According to the report, which purported Japanese diplomatic supremacy over Silla, a reception celebrating the beginning of the new year was held at the court of T'ang in 753 A. D., or the 12th year of Emperor Hsuan-tsung현종, to which diplomatic envoys of China's neighboring countries, including Silla and Japan, were invited.
At first the Japanese diplomats were seated next to the diplomats from Tibet, who occupied the second on the western floor, while the Korean mission took the first place on the eastern floor. Thus the Korean diplomats were given more honorable treatment than their Japanese counterparts. Upset by the discrimination, the Japanese protested, the diary goes, to have the order of seating reversed-the Japanese mission the first place on the eastern floor and the Korean mission the third place on the western floor. The diary claims a significant diplomatic victory for Japan at the court of T'ang, which was regarded as the center of international diplomacy.
To be brief, the record in question reveals two new facts in the diplomatic relationships between T'ang. Silla and Japan. Firstly, it states that Silla had been paying tribute to Japan even before the incident at the court reception. Secondly, it insists that T'ang awarded more honorable treatment to Japan for the first time.
The historical record is the most explicit statement ever found among the historical diaries compiled by ancient Japan that asserts Japan's diplomatic supremacy over Silla. What draws our keen and serious attention is the fact that the Japanese have used the record to their advantage in diplomatic negotiations with Korea. It should be remembered that the government officials as well as scholars of Japan used to take the record as their most favorable pretext for their unjustifiable domination over Korea during the colonial rule(1910~45).
What is even more regrettable is the fact that even Japanese historians have so far regarded the record as an established historical event without hesitation or academic reexamination. For example, Dr.K. Mori's 森克己 lastest work "The Japanese Envoys to T'ang 견당사", published by the Shibundo Press in 1955, is no exception: Dr.Mori dutiffully quotes the record in his book.
It is this Japanese attitude that has led me to attempt an objective study of the historical records of Japan concerning Korean history, so that any distortion or prejudices may be corrected. It is for this reason that I will try to question the reliability of the record regarding "Komaro's Protest."
As an approach to the question, I have taken the following points into consideration:
(1) The reliability of Zoku Nihon Ki in connection with its compilation:
(2) Travels by Korean and Japanese envoys to T'ang, and China's recognition of Korean culture during the period under discussion:
(3) Records of quarrels or disputes among foreign envoys at the court of T'ang and how they were mediated or pacified by the court government's intervention:
(4) The likelihood that a deputy chief of the Japanese delegation like Komaro could intiate a protest against such an important matter.
(5) Precedents of desputes between Korean and Japanese envoys to T'ang before the Komaro incident.
My examination has led me to the following conclusions:
(1) T'ang habitually took an impartial position whenever she had to mediate diplomatic disputes so as to avoid open clashes between the rivals. Furthermore , it was the tradition that no final decision was made until the matter was completely discussed by high-ranking officials of the court, including Chung-shu中書 and Men-hsia門下. However, the Japanese record gives me the impression that the court government of T'ang was very partial and imprudent in reaching a hasty judgement on Komaro's protest. What should not be ignored is the fact that the Japanese record impiles that the decision was made at the personal discretion of General Wu Huai-shin 吳懷實, which was very unlikely in view of the Chinese tradition.
(2) T'ang's regulations governing treatment of foreign envoys were very strict, and the order of seating was always prearranged. However, the Japanese diary implies that the court government of China disregarded its strict rule and made an exception when Komaro's protest was raised. Moreover, it was an established tradition that any solution to such a dispute had to be sanctioned by the Emperor himself. Yet the Japanese record reads that the protest was disposed of at General Wu Huai-shih's personal discretion. In my opinion, the record is a deliberate distortion of history attempted by those who were too anxious to demonstrate Japan's international prestige under the disguise of Chinese recognition of her supremacy over Silla.
(3) It was precedent rather than the national strength of a nation that determined the diplomatic order of treatment for the neighboring countries of T'ang. For example, Silla was given more honorable treatment than Po-hai although the latter was once regarded stronger than the former. Nevertheless, the Japanese diary proves to be very inconsistent by claiming that the recognition by T'ang of the so-called diplomatic supremacy of Japan over Silla was an indication of supremacy of national strength.
(4) The order of diplomatic treatment for Silla or Japan must have been decided by such factors as Silla's or Japan's friendship with and contribution to T'ang in addition to the aforementioned elements. If so, I may safely assert that Silla was the natural candidate to be given more honorable treatment than Japan or Po-hai, at least during the period from the beginning of Po-hai to the year when Komaro's protest was recorded.
At first the Japanese diplomats were seated next to the diplomats from Tibet, who occupied the second on the western floor, while the Korean mission took the first place on the eastern floor. Thus the Korean diplomats were given more honorable treatment than their Japanese counterparts. Upset by the discrimination, the Japanese protested, the diary goes, to have the order of seating reversed-the Japanese mission the first place on the eastern floor and the Korean mission the third place on the western floor. The diary claims a significant diplomatic victory for Japan at the court of T'ang, which was regarded as the center of international diplomacy.
To be brief, the record in question reveals two new facts in the diplomatic relationships between T'ang. Silla and Japan. Firstly, it states that Silla had been paying tribute to Japan even before the incident at the court reception. Secondly, it insists that T'ang awarded more honorable treatment to Japan for the first time.
The historical record is the most explicit statement ever found among the historical diaries compiled by ancient Japan that asserts Japan's diplomatic supremacy over Silla. What draws our keen and serious attention is the fact that the Japanese have used the record to their advantage in diplomatic negotiations with Korea. It should be remembered that the government officials as well as scholars of Japan used to take the record as their most favorable pretext for their unjustifiable domination over Korea during the colonial rule(1910~45).
What is even more regrettable is the fact that even Japanese historians have so far regarded the record as an established historical event without hesitation or academic reexamination. For example, Dr.K. Mori's 森克己 lastest work "The Japanese Envoys to T'ang 견당사", published by the Shibundo Press in 1955, is no exception: Dr.Mori dutiffully quotes the record in his book.
It is this Japanese attitude that has led me to attempt an objective study of the historical records of Japan concerning Korean history, so that any distortion or prejudices may be corrected. It is for this reason that I will try to question the reliability of the record regarding "Komaro's Protest."
As an approach to the question, I have taken the following points into consideration:
(1) The reliability of Zoku Nihon Ki in connection with its compilation:
(2) Travels by Korean and Japanese envoys to T'ang, and China's recognition of Korean culture during the period under discussion:
(3) Records of quarrels or disputes among foreign envoys at the court of T'ang and how they were mediated or pacified by the court government's intervention:
(4) The likelihood that a deputy chief of the Japanese delegation like Komaro could intiate a protest against such an important matter.
(5) Precedents of desputes between Korean and Japanese envoys to T'ang before the Komaro incident.
My examination has led me to the following conclusions:
(1) T'ang habitually took an impartial position whenever she had to mediate diplomatic disputes so as to avoid open clashes between the rivals. Furthermore , it was the tradition that no final decision was made until the matter was completely discussed by high-ranking officials of the court, including Chung-shu中書 and Men-hsia門下. However, the Japanese record gives me the impression that the court government of T'ang was very partial and imprudent in reaching a hasty judgement on Komaro's protest. What should not be ignored is the fact that the Japanese record impiles that the decision was made at the personal discretion of General Wu Huai-shin 吳懷實, which was very unlikely in view of the Chinese tradition.
(2) T'ang's regulations governing treatment of foreign envoys were very strict, and the order of seating was always prearranged. However, the Japanese diary implies that the court government of China disregarded its strict rule and made an exception when Komaro's protest was raised. Moreover, it was an established tradition that any solution to such a dispute had to be sanctioned by the Emperor himself. Yet the Japanese record reads that the protest was disposed of at General Wu Huai-shih's personal discretion. In my opinion, the record is a deliberate distortion of history attempted by those who were too anxious to demonstrate Japan's international prestige under the disguise of Chinese recognition of her supremacy over Silla.
(3) It was precedent rather than the national strength of a nation that determined the diplomatic order of treatment for the neighboring countries of T'ang. For example, Silla was given more honorable treatment than Po-hai although the latter was once regarded stronger than the former. Nevertheless, the Japanese diary proves to be very inconsistent by claiming that the recognition by T'ang of the so-called diplomatic supremacy of Japan over Silla was an indication of supremacy of national strength.
(4) The order of diplomatic treatment for Silla or Japan must have been decided by such factors as Silla's or Japan's friendship with and contribution to T'ang in addition to the aforementioned elements. If so, I may safely assert that Silla was the natural candidate to be given more honorable treatment than Japan or Po-hai, at least during the period from the beginning of Po-hai to the year when Komaro's protest was recorded.
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