본고의 연구목표는 현대중국어 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상적 특징과 상표지 ‘了₁, 着, 過’와의 공기관계에 대해 분석하는데 있다. 그러기 위해 선행연구에서 ‘知道’류 동사에 관한 연구가 어떻게 진행되었는지를 살펴보았다. 선행연구에서는 인지동사의 개념과 범주, ‘知道’류 동사의 범위에 관해 아직까지 학자들의 의견이 분분하여, 확실하게 자리매김하지 않았다는 점을 알 수 있다. 또한, 상 범주에서 ‘知道’류 동사의 특징에 관한 개별적인 연구가 아직까지 부진하다는 점도 알 수 있다. 따라서 제2장에서는 인지의 개념을 바탕으로 중국어 인지동사의 개념과 범주를 규정하였다. 또한 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 범위를 규정하기 위해, 인식단계의 개념과 ‘知道’류 동사로써 지녀야할 의미자질 제시하여, ‘知道, 認識₁, 認得, ?楚₃,了解₁, 明白₄, 理解, ?, ?得, 領悟, 醒悟, 覺悟₁, 感悟, 頓悟’ 등 총 14개의 동사를 전형적인 ‘知道’류 인지동사에 포함시켰다. 뿐만 아니라 ‘知道’류 동사를 인식단계의 차이에 따라 ‘認識₁’류(‘知道, 認識₁, 認得’), ‘理解’류(‘?楚₃, 了解₁, 明白₄, 理解, ?, ?得’), ‘領悟’류(‘領悟, 醒悟, 覺悟₁, 感悟, 頓悟’)로 분류하였다. 이 중에서 ‘認識₁’류는 구체적인 사물과 사람, 사리 등을 새로운 ‘앎’으로 개념화하고, ‘理解’류는 ‘새로운 앎’을 ‘확장 된 앎’으로 개념화 한다. ‘領悟’류는 ‘새로운 앎’을 통해 ‘모르던 것을 새롭게 깨달아 알게 된 앎’으로 개념화 한다. 이 같은 인식단계의 차이에 따라 각 유형별 동사가 지니는 목적어의 유형도 차이가 있음을 비교분석하였다. 제3장에서는 Croft(2012)의 상황상 분류법과 상 윤곽 국면 분석법을 부분적으로 참고하여 ‘知道’류 인지동사가 동사층위에서 지니는 상 윤곽의 특징과 문장 층위에서 나타내는 상적 잠재력에 대해 살펴보았고, ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상 윤곽을 분석한 결과, 동사층위에서 ‘??₁’류 동사 ‘知道, 認識₁, ‘?得’ 및 ‘理解’류 동사 ‘了解₁, ‘?楚₃, ‘明白₄, 理解, ?’, ?得’가 나타내는 내재적 상황상 유형은 획득한 영구 상태이고, ‘?悟’류 동사 ‘領悟, 醒悟, 覺悟₁, 感悟, 頓悟’가 나타내는 내재적 상황상 유형은 불가역 성취라는 결론을 도출하였다. 문장층위에서 ‘知道’류 동사는 부사어나 결과보어, ‘了₂’ 등과 같은 성분과의 결합하여 구성한 상황은 획득한 영구상태, 불가역 성취, 비방향적 완수 등의 유형으로 상적 해석된다는 점을 확인할 수 있었으며 각 상황유형별 상 합성 규칙을 제시하였다. 제4장에서는 ‘知道’류 동사와 상표지 ‘了1, 着, 過’의 공기관계에 대해 분석하였으며, 각각 다음과 같은 결과를 얻을 수 있었다. 첫째, ‘知道’류 동사와 ‘了1’의 공기조건을 ‘了1’의 선시성과 목적어의 정보성에서 분석하였다. ‘知道了O’ 구문의 목적어가 한정성 명사구이면 문장에 반드시 참조시간 또는 충분한 조건을 제시해주는 성분이 출현해야 하고, 목적어가 비한정 명사구 혹은 목적절이면 참조시간 또는 충분한 조건을 제시해주는 성분이 출현하지 않아도 문장이 성립된다. 둘째, ‘知道’류 동사는 지속상 ‘着’와 공기할 수 없는 상적인 특징을 지니고 있다. 코퍼스에서 ‘知道’류 동사와 ‘着’가 공기하는 예외적인 예문을 분석한 결과, ‘知道’류 동사와 공기 하는 ‘着’는 모두 주어의 어떠한 상태, 심정, 느낌 등에 대해 구체적으로 묘사하는 용법으로 쓰였으며, 연동문 형식의 ‘理解着??’를 제외한 나머지 경우에서 ‘着’를 삭제할 경우, ‘알게 된’ 또는 ‘깨닫게 된’ 결과의미만 나타내고 주어의 어떠한 상태를 구체적으로 드러나게 하는 묘사의미는 사라진다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 셋째, ‘知道’류 동사와 경험상 ‘過’의 공기관계에 대해 분석하여 다음과 같은 결론을 얻었다. ‘?’의 반복가능성 때문에 ‘知道’류 동사에는 ‘?’를 부가하기 힘들지만 유일하게 ‘??1’에는 긍정문에서 ‘?’를 부가할 수 있는 예문 3개가 있었다. 이때 ‘??’의 대상이 모두 사람이며, 어떠한 사람에 대해 안다고 할 때, 그 사람이 인지 주체에게 별로 중요하지 않는 사람이거나 연락하고 지내지 않는 경우에 ‘???’를 사용할 수 있는 것으로 보았다. 나머지 경우는 모두 부정문과 의문문에서 ‘?’를 부가하는 경우이며, 부정문에서는 일반적으로 ‘?(?)’ 등과 같은 부정극어와 결합하거나 논항성분에 극성부정을 나타내는 수사 ‘一’가 출현하여 과거에 단 한 번도 존재하지 않았다는 경험의 부정을 나타내었고, 의문문에서는 경험의 존재유무를 묻는 의미를 나타내는 경우였다. 이처럼 본고는 현대중국어 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 범위를 규정하고, 인지동사로서 개념화하는 인식영역의 차이를 비교분석하였다. 특히 이들이 동사로서 지니고 있는 상황상 특징에 대해 Croft(2012)의 이론을 반영하여 분석하였으며 문장 층위에서 다른 성분과 상 합성될 수 있는 상적 잠재력에 대해서도 구체적으로 분석하여 상 합성 규칙을 제시하였다. 뿐만 아니라 이들이 지니는 상윤곽의 특징으로 보았을 때, 동사의 원형형식으로는 공기할 수 없는 상 표지와 어떻게 공기할 수 있게 되었는지를 분석하여 공기조건을 제시하였다.
Abstract
A Study on Cognitive Verbs of ‘zhidao’ in Modern Chinese
Heo, Seolyoung Department of Chinese Language and Literature The Graduate School of Korea University
‘ZhiDao(知道)’ verbs belong to the special category of ‘cognition’. Compared with the action verbs, they have a unique internal time structure. This feature urges such verbs to show their unique characteristics in the syntactic combination with other components. Especially there are many exceptions in the combination with various aspect markers. Even as a native speaker, it is impossible to distinguish and explain whether it is grammatical. Therefore, this thesis takes this argument as the starting point, and makes a specific and systematic research in combination with the theoretical reference and the actual use of language. In order to achieve this academic goal, chapter 1 puts forward some common problems about ‘ZhiDao’ verbs, investigates many research papers, and clearly divides the research object and scope of this thesis. In chapeter 2, in order to make it more convincing to analyze and demonstrate the combination of the dynamic features of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs and aspect markers, I determine the category of cognitive verbs and the scope of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs. At the same time, I analyze the problem that ‘ZhiDao’ verbs belong to the same ‘cognitive’ stage but express different lexical meanings, which makes the objects combined by such verbs different. Specifically, this thesis first points out that the category of cognitive verbs in previous research reports is not clear enough and confused with other parts of speech. According to the cognitive concept, cognitive stage and cognitive semantic field proposed by Jungmin, Byun(2002: 291-292), this thesis defines the category and type of Chinese cognitive verbs. ‘Cognition’ refers to the spiritual and psychological process in which human beings accept the information obtained through experience and internalize it. Therefore, we classify cognitive verbs into the category of psychological verbs. The cognitive stage is only reflected in the feeling and response to external stimuli. Through this kind of experience, it transits to the perceptual stage of the process of ‘recognition’. The information obtained from the perceptual stage produces a series of spiritual activities through thinking activities. The verb expressing such spiritual activities is ‘cognitive verb’. The cognitive process includes three stages of ‘recognition’, ‘judgment’ and ‘belief’. According to these three stages, we delimit the ‘ZhiDao’ verbs, ‘RenWei’ verbs and ‘XiangXin’ verbs into the scope of cognitive verbs. Four necessary semantic features [+animate], [+management process], [+implicit behavior], [+subjective information(newinformation)]and[+objectVPorsentence]aresetto distinguish other similar verb types. In addition, we find that only the ‘recognition’ stage accepts [+new information], the ‘judgment’ stage makes a series of judgments on the accepted [+new information], and the ‘belief’ stage produces trust through the results of judgment. Therefore, only the ‘ZhiDao’ verbs belonging to the "recognition" stage can express the changesbeforeandafteraccepting[+subjectiveinformation(new information)]. They can add ‘Le’ at the end of the sentence to indicate the change. The ‘RenWei’ and ‘XiangXin’ verbs can not indicate the change, so they can not add ‘Le’ at the end of the sentence. Through the research of Xiumei, Dong(1991) and other predecessors, it is found that after ‘ZhiDao’ verbs can add either nominal object, verb or sentence object. Therefore, based on the semantic features of the four cognitive verbs, this thesis adds [+ObjectNV+VP/sentence] with auxiliary features to clarify the most typical ‘ZhiDao’ verbs. With the help of four semantic features, this thesis finds out the most representative ‘ZhiDao’ verbs in line with the above characteristics as the research object of this thesis: ‘ZhiDao’, ‘RenShi₁’, ‘RenDe’, ‘QingChu₃’, ‘LiaoJie₁’, ‘MingBai₄’, ‘LiJie’, ‘Dong’, ‘DongDe’, ‘LingWu’, ‘XingWu’, ‘JueWu₁’, ‘GanWu’, ‘DunWu’. ‘ZhiDao’ verbs, as synonyms, express similar semantic points, so many ‘books’ or ‘offers’ adopt the ‘mutual training’ method when defining their lexical meaning. However, the ‘mutual training’ method can not clearly distinguish the specific differences between them. The hypothesis put forward in this thesis is that the fundamental reason for the differences between them lies in the hierarchy of ‘cognition’ stage. Finally, this thesis divides the ‘cognition’ stage into three stages: ‘RenShi₁’, ‘LiJie’ and ‘LingWu’. In these three stages, the ‘RenShi₁’ stage is closest to objective information. Therefore, the verbs ‘RenShi₁’, ‘RenDe’, ‘ZhiDao’ belonging to this stage can only add specific people or things. ‘ZhiDao’ is special. It can cover the whole ‘cognition’ stage, but its cognitive meaning only stays in the appearance and is not deep enough. The degree of subjectivity in the ‘LiJie’ stage is deeper than that in the ‘RenShi₁’ stage. At this stage, the new information received is conceptualized as ‘deeper information’. The verbs belonging to this stage are ‘QingChu₃’, ‘LiaoJie₁’, ‘MingBai₄’, ‘LiJie’, ‘Dong’, ‘DongDe’. The object of the verb can be a person, a fact or a truth. It expresses a deeper understanding of the object. The ‘comprehension’ stage is the most subjective stage in the ‘cognition’ stage. In this stage, the subject conceptualizes the whole change process of ‘from not understanding to understanding’ through the acquisition of new information. Therefore, the ‘understanding’ verb itself contains a variety, which is another semantic feature different from other ‘ZhiDao’ verbs. Such verbs have the meanings of ‘LingWu’, ‘XingWu’, ‘JueWu₁’, ‘GanWu’, ‘DunWu’. The object can only express the meaning with a high degree of abstraction, or some objective fact, which can not represent the nominal object of people or things. Chapter 3 analyzes the dynamic characteristics of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs deeply and comprehensively. According to Croft''s (2012) analysis of the aspect contour and the classification of lexical aspect, this paper re-analyzes the dynamic features of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs. Croft (2012) believes that the verb appearance type is not fixed, but changes due to the context. This paper puts forward an objection to this, holding that each verb has its own most basic semantics, which leads to that each verb has a fixed verb appearance type, and the different types of situations expressed by the verb in the sentence are the sentences formed by its combination with other components. Therefore, this paper strictly distinguishes the lexical level and the sentence level, and discusses the dynamic characteristics and aspectual potential of knowing verbs. At the lexical level, the basic aspect type of the ‘RenShi₁’ and ‘LiJie’ words are the acquired permanent states, but the ‘LingWu’ words are irreversible achievements. At the sentence level, the ‘ZhiDao’ words be combined with adverbials, resultative complements, PVC ‘Dao’ and other components. There are three types of them. They are acquired permanent states, irreversible achievements, undirected accomplishment. Chapter 4 analyzes the co-occurrence relationship between "ZhiDao" verbs and aspect markers ‘Le₁, Zhe and Guo’, summarizes the conditions for the co-occurrence of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs and complete markers ‘Le₁’, the exceptions to the co-occurrence of continuous markers ‘Zhe’ and experiential markers ‘Guo’, and draws the following conclusions: Firstly, starting from the information structure of the pre-tense of ‘Le₁’ and the object of ‘ZhiDao + le + O’, this paper analyzes the co-occurrence conditions of ‘ZhiDao’ verb ‘Le₁’: when the object of "ZhiDao + Le + O" structure is a definite noun, there must be a component indicating reference time or providing sufficient conditions in the middle, and when the object is an indefinite noun, or VP component and sentence object, don''t need the above conditions. Secondly, the inability of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs to combine with continuous markers is based on their aspect characteristics. According to the corpus survey, the semantic function of ‘Zhe’ co-occurrence of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs is a specific description of a certain state, emotion and feeling of the subject. Except for "understanding memory" in the form of ‘example continuous verb sentence’, if ‘Zhe’ is deleted, it will no longer focus on the semantics expressed, but only include the result of ‘ZhiDao or LiJie or LingWu’, No longer express or describe a certain state of the subject. Thirdly, ‘Guo’, as a ‘experiential’ marker, indicates that the event occurred less than once at a certain time in the past, which has the characteristics of repeatability. Therefore, ‘Guo’ can only be combined with verbs that can be repeated. ‘ZhiDao’ as a cognitive verb does not accord with this feature. Therefore, the verb ‘ZhiDao’ cannot be combined with ‘Guo’ in general, and can only appear occasionally in the form of negation or doubt. In CCL corpus, there are only 6 positive sentences in ‘cognition’ and ‘Guo’, and the objects of ‘cognition’ refer to the nouns of people, which is not difficult to accept. In other negative sentences with the combination of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs and ‘Guo’, negative polar words such as ‘CongLai’ will appear, or ‘Yi’ indicating polar negation in the object to indicate the experience of ‘never existed’, and ‘Yi’ generally indicates whether there is some experience in the interrogative sentence. As mentioned above, through analysis and investigation, this paper determines the scope of ‘ZhiDao’ verbs in modern Chinese, and compares the differences in the ‘cognitive’ stages conceptualized by these verbs as cognitive verbs, especially focuses on the analysis of the dynamic features of these verbs, and summarizes their body composition rules at the sentence level. Moreover, this thesis summarizes the co-occurrence conditions and reasons why they can not co-exist with the typical Chinese aspect markers ‘Le₁, Zhe and Guo’ through the dynamic features of "ZhiDao" verbs. There are also many differences in this theory. The scope limited by this theory is only limited to the typical ‘ZhiDao’ verbs, and only investigates their concept and scope, the co-occurrence of dynamic features and aspect markers. Other problems such as syntax and imperial will not be involved, which will be supplemented and improved in the future, At the same time, thank you for your browsing and correction.
목 차제 1 장 서 론 11.1 연구 동기 및 목적 11.2 기존 연구 검토 61.3 연구 범위 및 방법 14제 2 장 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 범위와 분류 172.1 인지동사의 개념과 범주 172.1.1 인지동사의 개념 172.1.2 인지동사의 범주와 유형 232.2 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 범위와 유형 352.2.1 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 범위 352.2.2 하위 유형 분류 552.3 소결 65제 3 장 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상적 특징 673.1 Croft(2012)의 상황유형 분류 및 상 윤곽 국면 분석법 693.1.1 Croft(2012)의 상황유형 분류 693.1.2 Croft(2012)의 상 윤곽 국면 분석법 733.2 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상황상 특징 803.2.1 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상 윤곽 823.2.2 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상황상 유형 및 상 자질 853.3 ‘知道’류 인지동사의 상적 잠재력 893.3.1 획득한 영구상태 903.3.2 불가역 성취 943.3.3 비방향적 완수 1073.4 소결 112제 4 장 ‘知道’류 동사와 상표지 ‘了₁/着/過’ 1144.1 완료상 ‘了₁’와의 공기조건 1144.1.1 완료상 ‘了₁’의 일반적인 출현조건 1144.1.2 ‘了₁’의 선시성 1194.1.3 ‘V了₁O’ 구문의 목적어 제약 1224.1.4 ‘知道류 동사+了₁+O’ 구문의 성립조건 1254.2 지속상 ‘着’와 공기하는 예외적 현상 1294.2.1 지속상 ‘着’의 의미 제약과 ‘知道’류 동사 1294.2.2 ‘知道류 동사+着’의 묘사기능 1384.3 경험상 ‘過’와 공기하는 예외적 현상 1454.3.1 경험상 ‘?’의 의미 제약과 ‘知道’류 동사 1454.3.2 ‘知道류 동사+?’와 경험문의 기능적 특징 1494.4 소결 155제 5 장 결 론 157參考文獻 163Abstract 172中文摘要 177