“五四”無鬼神論者的思想探尋——以陳獨秀、胡適為例

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저자정보: 한지연

저널정보: 한국중국학회 중국학보 중국학보 제90호

발행연도: 2019.1

수록면: 95 - 112 (18page)

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當我們牽涉到“五四”時期的“科學”與“鬼神”問題時，一方面，啟蒙民眾對封建迷信的盲目狀態；而從另一方面講，則力圖構建新文化，兩者相互排斥，同時也相互影響。直到“五四”時期，所謂的“科學”不只是作為一種新的知識體系和方法，其實更多的是標誌著一種知識分子所扮演的批判精神，甚至還決定著他們的人生觀。用“科學”驅鬼，無疑是“五四”啟蒙的主要表現之一，但從另一角度來講，這時期的“驅鬼”、“打鬼”等口號，其目的不只局限在批判舊文化、打倒舊偶像，而且在於“啟蒙人的心靈”、“解放人的思想”。從人類發展史的角度來講，頗有深厚的歷史文化意義。本論文以“五四”前期陳獨秀和胡適的科學觀切入，試圖探討一下“五四”前期“科學”與“鬼神”問題。陳獨秀和胡適都代表著“五四”知識分子樹立的兩面旗幟，當時他們積極參與“鬼神”批判，主張廢除封建迷信，對科學有著極大的信念和信仰，倡導“科學的”無鬼神論。據此，本論文走出藝術領域中的“鬼神”世界，將此放置到思想話語之中，試圖觸摸一下陳胡兩人在“科學”與“鬼神”問題背後所蘊含的思想內涵何在，並嘗試對此予以評論。至於陳獨秀的科學觀，正是建立在“五四”反封建思想革命的旗幟上，陳氏認為“科學”既是一門獨立的學科體系，也是一種思想武器，這不僅在“五四”的特定條件下所形成的，還在近代中國在政治上、社會上的矛盾以及民族危機和文化失衡的國家現狀中所產生的。需要關注的是，陳獨秀在“倫理覺悟”的前提和條件之下，把矛頭指向當時民眾頭腦和心中所存在的極為“虛假的”、“歪曲的”鬼神觀念，從而將“鬼神”信仰看做毒害人們心靈的禍首以及“反倫理”的思想糟粕；與陳獨秀一樣，胡適的科學觀亦是在“五四”反封建思想革命的旗幟上所呈現出來的，然而與陳獨秀不同的一點是，胡適的科學觀，來源於他的幼年時期的家學影響和個人經歷，加上青年時期所受到的西學的影響，這些內外因素使胡適更加尋求科學、追求真理，從而淋漓盡致地體現出他獨有的“思想個性”以及“無神論”思想。胡適既堅持“思想自由”，也積極接受西學的“科學方法”，兩者自成體系，形成一種“思想論據”，成為胡適學術研究和思想實踐中最為關鍵的思想資源。在“五四”期間“德先生”和“賽先生”的兩面旗幟下，兩者給未來的中國帶來的影響深遠，在這一特定時期的科學語境中所產生的“鬼神”問題，使得“五四”知識分子發出自己內心的聲音，至今為止能够給予我們一種新的思考，仍有進一步了解和研究的餘地。這恰恰表明“五四”話語的恆久魅力，同時也表明我們為何需要關注“五四”話語。

When we are involved in the “science” and “spirits” of the “May 4th” period, on the one hand, the enlightenment of the people to the blind state of feudal superstition; on the other hand, the attempt to build a new culture, the two are mutually exclusive, it also affects each other. Until the “May 4th” period, the so-called “science” was not only a new knowledge system and method, but actually more marked the critical spirit played by an intellectual, and even determined their outlook on life. The use of “science” to overthrow spirits is undoubtedly one of the main manifestations of the “May 4th” enlightenment, but from another perspective, the slogans such as “overthrow spirits” in this period are not limited to criticizing old cultures. The old idols are defeated, and they are “the mind of the enlightenment” and “the thought of liberating people”. From the perspective of the history of human development, it has profound historical and cultural significance. This paper makes an attempt to discuss about the Ideological approach to atheist in the period of the May 4th Movement, with Chen Duxiu陳獨秀 and Hu Shi胡適 as the breakthrough point, trying to discuss about of “science” and “spirits” in the early period of the May 4th Movement. Both Chen Duxiu and Hu Shi represent the two flags set up by the “May 4th” intellectuals. At that time, they actively participated in the “spirits” critique, advocated the abolition of feudal superstitions, had great beliefs and beliefs in science, and advocated “scientific” no ghosts. According to this, this thesis puts it into the ideological discourse, tries to touch the thought connotation behind Chen Duxiu & Hu Shi’s scientific view and its implications. As for Chen Duxiu's scientific view, it is based on the banner of the “May 4th” anti-feudal ideology revolution. Chen believes that “science” is not only an independent disciplinary system, but also an ideological weapon, not only in the specific conditions of the “May 4th”. What has been formed is also produced in the current situation of the political and social contradictions of modern China and the national crisis and cultural imbalances. What needs to be paid attention to is that under the premise and conditions of “ethical consciousness”, Chen Duxiu pointed to the extremely “false” and “distorted” concept of spirits and its that existed in the minds and hearts of the people at that time, thus treating the “spirits” belief as poisoning people's souls and “anti-ethics” thoughts; like Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi's scientific view is also on the banner of the “May 4th” anti-feudal revolution, but Hu Shi’s scientific view is derived from his family influence and personal experience in his childhood, and the influence of Western learning in his youth. These internal and external factors make Hu Shi more seeking science and pursuing the truth, thus vividly reflecting his unique “ideology and personality” and “atheism” thinking. Hu Shi not only adheres to “freedom of thought”, but also actively accepts the “scientific method” of Western learning. The two self-contained systems form an “ideology argument” and become the most important ideological resource in Hu Shi’s academic research and ideological practice. Under the two flags of “Democracy” and “Science” during the May Fourth Movement, the two have had far-reaching implications for the future of China. The “May 4th” intellectuals have made their own inner voices, and so far can give us a new thinking, there is still room for further understanding and research. This just shows the long-lasting charm of the “May 4th” discourse, and it also shows why we need to pay attention to the “May 4th” discourse.

#the May Fourth #Chen Duxiu #Hu Shi #science #atheism #ethical awareness #promoting ideological freedom

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