공공항의 효율성은 비용, 편의시설, 입지, 활주로 수, 터미널 면적 등 다양한 요인과 더불어 여객의 환승과 화물의 환적에 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 아시아 지역에는 경쟁력 있는 국제공항들이 집중적으로 위치해 있어 국제공항들은 보다 많은 여객, 화물, 운항편수를 확보하고자 경쟁이 치열해지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 한국, 중국, 일본, 싱가폴, 홍콩 등 5개의 아시아 주요 국제공항을 선택하여 국제공항의 연차보고서에 나타난 수입, 성장, 수익 요인들을 통해 공항의 효율성을 비교분석하면서 공항 운영자들이 공항의 효율성 향상에 필요한 요인이 무엇인지를 밝혀내고자 하였다. 이를 위해 다기준 의사결정법중 하나인 TOPSIS를 적용하여 공항의 운영 및 재무 성과를 분석하였다. 분석 결과 수입, 성장, 수익 요인들에 따라 공항의 효율성이 지속적으로 변하는 것으로 나타났다. 기준에 따라 공항의 효율성이 다르게 나타나는 분석 결과는, 향후 공항 운영자들이 어느 부분에서 보다 전략적인 선택을 해야하는지에 대한 시사점을 제시하고 있다.
It is assumed that a more efficient airport can handle more passengers and cargo with same infrastructure. In addition, efficiency of the airports is one of the major factors which transfer passengers and transshipment cargo consider a stopover airport as well as costs, convenient facilities, location, and other environmental factors of the airport. Most airport authorities believe that more infrastructure in the airport may positively relate to higher efficiency of airports as well as competitiveness. This is the main reason why airports try to expand length and numbers of runway, numbers of gateway and terminal, and moorings although the airport industry is heterogeneous with quality differentiation and external constraints (Oum et al., 2003).
The objective of this study is to analyze operational and financial performance of airports in Asia. Since there is no consistent and systematic airport industry practice for measuring and comparing airport efficiency performance, this study may provide a meaningful information to airport authorities by comparison of various airport efficiency performances. Especially, this study focuses on non-aeronautical operating revenue which is a crucial factor for the profitability and sustainable growth of contemporary airports all around the world. Non-aeronautical revenue is all other incomes not directly derived from airport fees or air navigation taxes. The revenue includes revenues from offices, retail, advertizement, medical facilities, hotels, and even parking. At present, the non-aeronautical revenue covers the losses that most of them incur on their airside operation.
In order to compare the performance of the Asian major airports we have used the recent four year (2010-2013) Annual Reports of Incheon, Narita, Beijing, Singapore, and Hong Kong International Airports which contain operational results and financial statements as well as other important information on their business environment. Because, as we have explained in the introduction, performance of an airport is hard to measure with a unique criterion, we have used a composite indicator which represents the collective evaluation based on multi-criteria: Technique of Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS). In this method performance of airports are compared by the distance from two artificial alternatives: positive and negative ideal alternatives. The closer to the positive ideal alternative and the farther from negative one, the better the performance is.
The measured efficiency numbers of airports show that efficient level of the airport comparing to others. However, the numbers are affected by various factors, some of which are not controlled by airport authority. The variables may not affect the real efficiency of the airports. It means that various aspects of airports should be considered when efficiency of airports is analyzed. Therefore, airport authorities realize what are their competitive advantages and try to enhance the comparative advantage to compete to other airports rather than benchmarks efficiency performance of other airports.