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고려 元宗·忠烈王대의 親朝외교
At the Qans Court : The Decision Making Process between the Mongol Qan and Koryŏ King
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고려 元宗·忠烈王대의 親朝외교
초록· 키워드
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This study examines the diplomatic decision making process in late 13th century, particularly when the King of Koryŏ had attended to the Mongol court. During his reign(1259-74), Wŏnjong visited Qubilai"s court twice, while King Chung"nyŏl attended seven times to his father-in-law"s court, and four more times to Temur"s court.
In the early 13th century, Koryŏ kings were forced to appear in the Mongol qan"s court as a sign of surrender. Qubilai frequently asked Wŏnjong to come to his capital, and the king and his advisers always hesitated. On the contrary, King Chung"nyŏl actively requested to attend, and occasionally the emperor did not accept the requests.
When the king appears, Qubilai preferred to meet him in person and discussed the issues. There is no confirmed case of Wŏnjong"s encounter to the emperor in person, but the ministers who accompanied him met the emperor and persuaded Koryŏ"s interests. Through face-to-face confrontation, King Chung"nyŏl was able to solve a wide range of difficulties between the two countries. On the other hand, Temur Qan ignored the desperate wishes of King Chung"nyŏl and did not provide the opportunity.
The scene of face-to-face encounter between Qubillai and King Chung"nyŏl was consistent with the stereotyped format of the Imperial Conference. The King was a reporter, the Mongolian officials attended as observers, and the interpreters were mainly undertaken by the Koreans. The conference consisted mainly of the king"s reporting and the emperor"s orders, and the proceedings were recorded by secretaries. In Temur"s court, however, the kins"s arguments were delivered through documents, and the main decisions were drawn by the qan and his ministers, with the king excluded. The results were notified to the king only through verbal
messages, and no written documents were issued.
In the 1270s, when Yuan"s military forces and bureaucrats were dispatched to Koryŏ, such as when they were about to leave for Japan, they used to exchange documents directly with their central government. They therefore enforced their own policies independently of the Koryŏ government, which often lead to confusion. In such a situation, the outcome of the face-to-face discussions between the qan and king, the supreme decision maker, could be regarded as the most authoritative decision. In most cases, the Emperor accepted the King"s requests. However, since Temur rarely gave a chance to face him directly, the king could communicate with the emperor only through the Secretariat. And in this process, the independent judgment of the Secretariat occasionally intervened, often led to the failure of the king"s will to survive.
In the early 13th century, Koryŏ kings were forced to appear in the Mongol qan"s court as a sign of surrender. Qubilai frequently asked Wŏnjong to come to his capital, and the king and his advisers always hesitated. On the contrary, King Chung"nyŏl actively requested to attend, and occasionally the emperor did not accept the requests.
When the king appears, Qubilai preferred to meet him in person and discussed the issues. There is no confirmed case of Wŏnjong"s encounter to the emperor in person, but the ministers who accompanied him met the emperor and persuaded Koryŏ"s interests. Through face-to-face confrontation, King Chung"nyŏl was able to solve a wide range of difficulties between the two countries. On the other hand, Temur Qan ignored the desperate wishes of King Chung"nyŏl and did not provide the opportunity.
The scene of face-to-face encounter between Qubillai and King Chung"nyŏl was consistent with the stereotyped format of the Imperial Conference. The King was a reporter, the Mongolian officials attended as observers, and the interpreters were mainly undertaken by the Koreans. The conference consisted mainly of the king"s reporting and the emperor"s orders, and the proceedings were recorded by secretaries. In Temur"s court, however, the kins"s arguments were delivered through documents, and the main decisions were drawn by the qan and his ministers, with the king excluded. The results were notified to the king only through verbal
messages, and no written documents were issued.
In the 1270s, when Yuan"s military forces and bureaucrats were dispatched to Koryŏ, such as when they were about to leave for Japan, they used to exchange documents directly with their central government. They therefore enforced their own policies independently of the Koryŏ government, which often lead to confusion. In such a situation, the outcome of the face-to-face discussions between the qan and king, the supreme decision maker, could be regarded as the most authoritative decision. In most cases, the Emperor accepted the King"s requests. However, since Temur rarely gave a chance to face him directly, the king could communicate with the emperor only through the Secretariat. And in this process, the independent judgment of the Secretariat occasionally intervened, often led to the failure of the king"s will to survive.
목차
Ⅰ. 서론
Ⅱ. 제1기 : 원 세조 - 고려 원종(1260∼1274), 적극적인 황제와 소극적인 국왕
Ⅲ. 제2기 : 원 세조 - 고려 충렬왕(1274∼1294), 적극적인 황제와 더 적극적인 국왕
Ⅳ. 제3기 : 원 성종 - 고려 충렬왕(1294∼1307), 소극적인 황제와 적극적인 국왕
Ⅴ. 결론
참고문헌
〈ABSTRACT〉
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UCI(KEPA) : I410-ECN-0101-2018-911-001007900