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초록· 키워드
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After a quarter-century of relative prosperity the Western developed countries is once again in a state of deep depression. Some argue that the crisis since the mid-1970s is temporary and another short-term cyclical downturn in capitalist development. Others argue that the crisis is the product of more deep-seated structural problems. It is by no means universally accepted that the current economic problems constitute a crisis or that these problems can be traced to the internal contradictions of the capitalist mode of economic development.
Kondratieff, in the 1920s, first introduced long, fifty-year waves of economic expansion and contraction in capitalist development. Schumpeter followed Kondratieff and revived the interest in the theory in the 1930s. He explained the 'Kondratieff cycle' as the effect of periodic 'technological revolutions' which transformed the basis of capitalist production.
The long wave theory has been criticized by the regulationists as "technological determinism". The French regulationists see the regime of accumulation and the mode of regulation as the fundamental motor force of capitalist development. If there is a compatibility between the regime and the social mode, then the capitalism booms. If not, then it experiences depression or crisis. The economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s was due to the balance between the Fordist mass production and mass consumption. And it is argued that the present crisis is because of the gap or mismatch between the new mode of production(i.e., flexibilism) and the existing mode of regulation(i.e., Fordist institutions). The regulation theory is unfolded based upon the long wave theory. A new spectrum combined with these two theories can explain the specifics of regional development.
Based on the literature on the long wave theory, we can identify four phases of capitalist development in a single cycle: upswing, peak, downswing, and trough. Each of these phases is characterized by several aspects including space economy. During the upswing, as core industries form core regions, the regional differentiation is large. As the core industries diffuses and expands from the core to the periphery, the regional gap is getting smaller. As the downswing approaches, the power of core region weakens with the growth of the periphery. The new mode of production such as the flexible specialization requires new investment environment, i.e., new social and institutional forms. Those industries adopting the new mode of production and the emerging new industries, thus, form new industrial spaces. This explains the growth of new industrial regions and the relative underdevelopment of the old manufacturing belt. Since 1980s, however, the old core regions in the U.S., such as the East North Central and New England, have been experiencing restructuring. The restructuring process does not occur in the regions as a whole process, but as industry-specific and region-specific. Those regions which have successful restructuring gain growth again. Other regions, however, are facing with decline or even crisis. Restructuring, thus, makes regions more fragmented and differentiated. The cyclical development of capitalism and uneven regional development have an inseparable relationship. The purpose of the paper is to show the relationship.
Kondratieff, in the 1920s, first introduced long, fifty-year waves of economic expansion and contraction in capitalist development. Schumpeter followed Kondratieff and revived the interest in the theory in the 1930s. He explained the 'Kondratieff cycle' as the effect of periodic 'technological revolutions' which transformed the basis of capitalist production.
The long wave theory has been criticized by the regulationists as "technological determinism". The French regulationists see the regime of accumulation and the mode of regulation as the fundamental motor force of capitalist development. If there is a compatibility between the regime and the social mode, then the capitalism booms. If not, then it experiences depression or crisis. The economic growth in the 1950s and 1960s was due to the balance between the Fordist mass production and mass consumption. And it is argued that the present crisis is because of the gap or mismatch between the new mode of production(i.e., flexibilism) and the existing mode of regulation(i.e., Fordist institutions). The regulation theory is unfolded based upon the long wave theory. A new spectrum combined with these two theories can explain the specifics of regional development.
Based on the literature on the long wave theory, we can identify four phases of capitalist development in a single cycle: upswing, peak, downswing, and trough. Each of these phases is characterized by several aspects including space economy. During the upswing, as core industries form core regions, the regional differentiation is large. As the core industries diffuses and expands from the core to the periphery, the regional gap is getting smaller. As the downswing approaches, the power of core region weakens with the growth of the periphery. The new mode of production such as the flexible specialization requires new investment environment, i.e., new social and institutional forms. Those industries adopting the new mode of production and the emerging new industries, thus, form new industrial spaces. This explains the growth of new industrial regions and the relative underdevelopment of the old manufacturing belt. Since 1980s, however, the old core regions in the U.S., such as the East North Central and New England, have been experiencing restructuring. The restructuring process does not occur in the regions as a whole process, but as industry-specific and region-specific. Those regions which have successful restructuring gain growth again. Other regions, however, are facing with decline or even crisis. Restructuring, thus, makes regions more fragmented and differentiated. The cyclical development of capitalism and uneven regional development have an inseparable relationship. The purpose of the paper is to show the relationship.
목차
ABSTRACT
Ⅰ. 자본주의의 경제발전 주기
Ⅱ. 장기파동과 지리학
註
參考文獻
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