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학제간연구 과학기술학 뇌인지과학 기술정책 기타 복합학

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한국잔디학회 한국잔디학회 정기총회 및 학술발표회 한국잔디학회 2006년도 제19차 정기총회 및 학술발표회
발행연도
2006.1
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45 - 75 (31page)

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초록· 키워드

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The term mycoherbicide originated in the 1970's to differentiate this strategy from classical strategy of relying upon self-perpetuation introduced organisms for weed control. Interest in bioherbicides is hightened in particular by the increasing costs of chemical herbicides, lack of adequate chemical control for some weeds and the social concerns about the widespread use of pesticides. After release, a classical biocontrol agent is expected to become a permanent part of its new environment and it is vital to ensure, as far as possible, that it will do more good than harm there. This is done through risk assessment, which invariably includes host range testing. Contemporary biological control system includes the use of fungi to control weeds in agricultural ecosystems and forests. Biological control agent (BCA) of weeds that are highly virulent and specific to target weeds, and able to be produced massively by artificial culture could be applied like chemical herbicides over the weeds. The approach of mycoherbicide(BCA)is differed from the classical approach in which plant pathogens are released through natural spread. The use of pathogenic fungi as classical biological control agents for weeds began in 1971. To date, 26 species of fungi, originating from 15 different countries, have been used as classical BCA against over 26 species of weeds in seven countries. Information is presented on the performance of these pathogens in the field after release, compared with predictions made on the basis of prerelease host-range testing. The mechanisms and evolution of plant resistance are discussed in relation to risk assessment. No reports were uncovered of deliberately introduced fungi unexpectedly attacking non-target plants after release. Indeed, host-range testing results have often proved conservative, with a number of examples of pathogens attacking non-target plants in prerelease tests, but not being recovered from these species in the field. It is concluded that risk assessments based on rigorous host-range testing, combined with a good understanding of the taxonomy, biology, and ecology of the agent, the target weed, and non-target species, can ensure that the introduction of exotic pathogens is a safe and environmentally benign method of weed control. However, many pathogens have not been successfully used in practice as mycoherbicide to date despite the extensive researches and developments. Of the 80 weed control projects, 71 involved fungi, 6 involved viruses, and 3 each involved bacteria and nematodes. Charudattan added the list 153 mycoherbicide projects recently. One estimated that 30 weeds might be controlled with mycoherbicides by the year 2000, without taking into account the potential genetic engineering and other advances in biotechnology. Developed under such a definition, many mycoherbicides were considered which have shown their potentials in the laboratory or greenhouse, but most of them have been ineffective in the field. In addition, for some mycoherbicide candidates, control efficacy was not consistent from year to year or from field to field. These contradictions indicate lack of understanding of one or more important ecological factors or mechanisms contributing to the suppression of weeds by plant pathogens in the field. It is necessary to understand what are the suitable conditions of temperature and relative humidity to control the target weed with plant pathogen before applying in field. Nevertheless, under field conditions dew formation and its duration are difficult to predict. In the studies of biological control of weed with pathogens, there are some notable examples. Most weed species are hosts for many endemic pathogens, thus, a potential pathogen must be selected as a BCA. Daniel et al.suggested that these pathogens must ; (1) be able to produce abundant and durable inoculum in artificial culture, (2) be genetically stable and specific for the target weed, and (3) be able to infect and kill the weed in environments of reasonable wide latitude. Several techniques have been employed for the delivery of BCA. Formulation and application methods are often of paramount importance in effecting biological control. In addition, formulation may facilitate shipping and storage of the BCA. Reports of the incorporation of mycoherbicides into sodium alginate suggested that this method may have potential for use with biocontrol fungi. The resulting granular preparation is lighter than liquids, and more uniform and less bulky than most organic matter preparations. The reaction between aqueous solutions of sodium alginate and certain metal cations such as Ca?? to form gels has been used to formulate mycoherbicide.

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ABSTRACT
서언
1. 국내연구동향
2. 외국의 미생물제초제 개발
3. 미생물 유래 제초활성물질
4. 앞으로의 전망
Literature Cited

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