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This article aims at examining the method of territorial management in the early Koryo Dynasty centering around the predominant policy toward northern districts and the prevailing system of fortress.
In the time leading up to its establishment, and even thereafter, the Koryo dynasty oversaw a chaotic internal state of affairs. Compounding this problem was the political chess match it faced on the foreign relations front due to a transition in power in dynastic China between the Tang(唐) and the Song(宋) and the ascendance of the northern Kitan(契丹) people following the fall of Balhae(渤海). The Koryo dynasty eventually solidified its power by incorporating the Shil1a(新羅) and the late Paekche(後百濟) dynasties into a unified Koryo kingdom under its rule. However, the threat imposed by foreign countries on its border still remained a major issue to address. One way to cope with the situation was to create a foreign policy grounded in strong territorial awareness and national defense.
The Koryo dynasty recognized Shilla and Ancient-Koguryo(舊高句麗) lands as its own territory. Notably, the Koryo dynasty designated the Yalu River(鴨綠江) as the nation's northernmost boundary. The need to preserve this boundary was an expression of Koryo's desire to recapture the glory of the past Koguryo kingdom and determined its administrative policy toward the northern districts. The policy toward northern districts essentially embodied the prevailing 'frontier spirit' in the Koryo dynasty. At the same time, this policy called for the management and consolidating of facilities in Yanggyae(兩界). As an extension of this, the fortress system in the Yanggyae area was a distinct articulation of the Koryo dynasty's territorial awareness. The fortress itself was a tool to protect people and villages in times of emergency. Generally, municipal and military functions were considered before deciding on the location and the structure of the fortress. Early Koryo dynasty fortresses in the northern areas were typically constructed in strategic military spots to protect the capital, Kaegyong(開京). Most of these fortresses lined major routes such as Heungwhado(興化道). Heunggyodo(興郊道), Woonchoongdo(雲中道), and Sakbangdo(朔方道).
During the rule of the first Emperor(太祖), the fortresses were constructed centering around Heunggyodo and Woonchoongdo. These locations were chosen to house fortresses due to the policy toward northern districts and the fact that the city of Seogyong(西京) had been singled out as an advance military base for that policy. Not only was Seogyong the second largest city after the capital Kaegyong, but it was also being considered as a strong candidate for a new capital. However, since it was close to the area of northern peoples, it was a vulnerable spot in the national defense. To address this weakness, the Koryo dynasty likely sought to expand its territory north of the river Cheongcheon(淸川江), which resulted in the construction of fortresses in those areas. This construction was based on their idea for expand toward the Yalu river and territory expansion centering around Yanggyae, but these move brought about war with the Kitan.
From the reigns of Seongjong(成宗) to Hyonjong(顯宗), the dynasty engaged in three wars with the Kitan, which allowed the Koryo to speed up the consolidation of its national borders. Due to this, the reigns of Seongjong and Hyonjong managed to improve the System of Yanggyae, as well as other systems of local territorial management. Finally, in 1033, under the reign of Deokjong(德宗), the dynasty established 'A Long Wall(千里長城)' along its northern territories. By establishing this wall, the borders of the Koryo dynasty began being clearly demarked, while allowing for vigorous territorial expansion.
Ultimately, the establishment of the borders of the Koryo dynasty was founded in its administrative policy toward its northern districts, and the management and consolidating of facilities in Yanggyae was realized on such a policy basis.
In the time leading up to its establishment, and even thereafter, the Koryo dynasty oversaw a chaotic internal state of affairs. Compounding this problem was the political chess match it faced on the foreign relations front due to a transition in power in dynastic China between the Tang(唐) and the Song(宋) and the ascendance of the northern Kitan(契丹) people following the fall of Balhae(渤海). The Koryo dynasty eventually solidified its power by incorporating the Shil1a(新羅) and the late Paekche(後百濟) dynasties into a unified Koryo kingdom under its rule. However, the threat imposed by foreign countries on its border still remained a major issue to address. One way to cope with the situation was to create a foreign policy grounded in strong territorial awareness and national defense.
The Koryo dynasty recognized Shilla and Ancient-Koguryo(舊高句麗) lands as its own territory. Notably, the Koryo dynasty designated the Yalu River(鴨綠江) as the nation's northernmost boundary. The need to preserve this boundary was an expression of Koryo's desire to recapture the glory of the past Koguryo kingdom and determined its administrative policy toward the northern districts. The policy toward northern districts essentially embodied the prevailing 'frontier spirit' in the Koryo dynasty. At the same time, this policy called for the management and consolidating of facilities in Yanggyae(兩界). As an extension of this, the fortress system in the Yanggyae area was a distinct articulation of the Koryo dynasty's territorial awareness. The fortress itself was a tool to protect people and villages in times of emergency. Generally, municipal and military functions were considered before deciding on the location and the structure of the fortress. Early Koryo dynasty fortresses in the northern areas were typically constructed in strategic military spots to protect the capital, Kaegyong(開京). Most of these fortresses lined major routes such as Heungwhado(興化道). Heunggyodo(興郊道), Woonchoongdo(雲中道), and Sakbangdo(朔方道).
During the rule of the first Emperor(太祖), the fortresses were constructed centering around Heunggyodo and Woonchoongdo. These locations were chosen to house fortresses due to the policy toward northern districts and the fact that the city of Seogyong(西京) had been singled out as an advance military base for that policy. Not only was Seogyong the second largest city after the capital Kaegyong, but it was also being considered as a strong candidate for a new capital. However, since it was close to the area of northern peoples, it was a vulnerable spot in the national defense. To address this weakness, the Koryo dynasty likely sought to expand its territory north of the river Cheongcheon(淸川江), which resulted in the construction of fortresses in those areas. This construction was based on their idea for expand toward the Yalu river and territory expansion centering around Yanggyae, but these move brought about war with the Kitan.
From the reigns of Seongjong(成宗) to Hyonjong(顯宗), the dynasty engaged in three wars with the Kitan, which allowed the Koryo to speed up the consolidation of its national borders. Due to this, the reigns of Seongjong and Hyonjong managed to improve the System of Yanggyae, as well as other systems of local territorial management. Finally, in 1033, under the reign of Deokjong(德宗), the dynasty established 'A Long Wall(千里長城)' along its northern territories. By establishing this wall, the borders of the Koryo dynasty began being clearly demarked, while allowing for vigorous territorial expansion.
Ultimately, the establishment of the borders of the Koryo dynasty was founded in its administrative policy toward its northern districts, and the management and consolidating of facilities in Yanggyae was realized on such a policy basis.
목차
1. 머리말
2. 고려초기의 북방정책과 성곽축조
3. 거란의 침략과 ‘邊境’ 문제
4. ‘長城’과 邊境構築
5. 맺음말
〈지도〉 고려전기(太祖~靖宗) 兩界 지역의 성곽분포
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