본 연구는 현장에서 국가 보육정책에 따라 어린이집을 운영하는 어린이집 원장의 경험을 듣고 내용을 질적으로 분석하고자 하였다. 이와 같은 연구목적에 따른 구체적인 연구 문제는 다음과 같다. 국가 보육정책을 따르는 삶 속에서의 어린이집 원장의 운영경험은 어떠한 가? 본 연구는 다양한 배경(기관, 나이, 경력, 학력, 지역 등)과 국가 보육정책 운영 경험을 적극적으로 공유하고자 하는 어린이집 원장 4명을 목적표집하였 다. 연구 기간은 예비조사와 본 연구를 포함하여 2022년 9월부터 2023년 3 월까지 진행되었다. 연구방법은 개별적 심층면담으로 진행하였고 면담 횟수는각 5회씩 총 20회차로 이루어졌으며 자료수집은 서면 면담 20회, 연구자 저널, 음성 녹음과 네이버 클로바 노트의 한글 파일, 면담 내용 전사본, 연구 노트 등으로 구성되었으며 수집한 자료는 질적으로 분석하였다. 현행 국가 보육정책하에서 어린이집 원장의 운영경험을 연구한 결과를 요약 하면 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가 보육정책에 따라 살아가는 어린이집 원장들의 운영경험은 다음과 같다. 어린이집 원장들은 국가 보육정책의 규준과 위탁 주체, 부모들의 요구, 부모들의 특성 등 각 기관의 특성을 반영하여 운영하였고, 가정과의 연계 성을 강화하고 부모와의 원활한 소통을 위해 수요자 중심의 부모교육을 진행 하였다. 또한 어린이집 원장들은 교사들의 근로환경 개선을 위한 근로기준법을 적용하여 운영하였으며 교사 관리에 있어 수직적인 관계보다는 수평적인 관계를 형성하며 조직문화를 이끌고 있었다. 마지막으로 어린이집 원장들은 기관의 마다의 차이는 있지만 원장 고유의 직무 외에도 영양사, 간호사, 조리 사, 운전기사 등의 다양한 역할을 수행하고 있었다. 둘째, 가정지원 국가 보육정책에 따라가는 어린이집 신풍속도 다음과 같이 나타났다. 먼저 어린이집 원장들은 어린이집 보육 지원이 부모들에게 ‘낳기만 하면 정부가 키워준다’라는 인식과 가정 고유의 양육까지도 어린이집으로 전가되는 ‘보육의 서비스화 현상’에 영향을 주었다고 하였다. 또한 어린이집 원장들은 부모들이 선호하는 국공립어린이집과 직장어린이집의 양적 확충보다는 질적 향상을 도모할 수 있는 정책이 모색되어야함을 언급하였다. 마지막으로 어린이집 원장들은 가정지원을 위한 다양한 국가 보육정책이 부모 양육의 책임을 약화시키고 보육교사들의 양육 스트레스를 증가시키는 계기가 됨을 말하 였다. 셋째, 어린이집 운영 지원을 위한 국가 보육정책은 어린이집 원장의 운영에 다양한 영향을 주는 것으로 나타났다. 먼저 어린이집 원장들은 어린이집 보육 사업 지침의 지도·점검은 어린이집 원장의 업무와 책임을 가중해 역기능이 되기도 하지만 예상치 못한 순기능으로 작용하여 도움이 되었다고 하였다. 그리고 어린이집 원장들은 안전관리 규정 강화가 교사들로 하여금 지나치게 안전사고를 예방 지도함으로써 ‘영유아들이 스스로 피하는 경험이 부재하고 공포 심으로 인한 새로운 경험을 거부하는 현상’을 우려하였다. 또한 안전 규정 강화는 교사들의 교수 방법의 저하와 영유아의 놀 권리를 침해하는 현상을 가져 왔다. 다음으로 어린이집 원장들은 어린이집 평가제를 준비과정에서 교사들이 평가등급에 영향을 주는 행동 지침에 익숙해짐에 따라 질적 향상보다는 획일 화되어 교육의 질을 하향화시키는 현상도 나타난다고 하였다. 마지막으로 어린이집 원장들은 보육의 질적 향상을 위해 현장에서 필요로 하는 처우개선을 요구하며 교사의 적극적 근무태도와 전문성 향상을 위한 정부의 제도적 지원을 요구하였다. 넷째, 어린이집 원장들은 국가 보육정책이 끌어안아야 할 당면과제를 다음과 같이 제시하였다. 최우선 과제로 어린이집 원장들은 어린이집과 유치원의 유보통합이 교육부 체제하에서 이루어져 어린이집이 보육과 교육의 기능을 적절히 운영할 수 있는 기반 마련을 요구하였다. 또한 어린이집 원장들은 교직 원을 위한 처우개선 방안으로 교사뿐만 아니라 원장의 고용 안정성과 처우개 선도 같이 마련하여 교직원의 질적 성장과 정체성을 보장하기 위한 제도를 제안하였다. 다음으로 어린이집 원장들은 부모 역할을 강화하기 위한 개선방안 으로 부모교육이 부모 역할의 중요성과 책임감을 키워줄 수 있는 기능을 할수 있도록 정부 주도의 부모교육 의무화 제도를 언급하였다. 마지막으로 어린 이집 원장들은 국가 보육정책이 부모의 요구와 수요뿐만 아니라 보육의 주체인 영유아들의 권리가 실현될 수 있도록 영유아기에 충족되어야 할 기본교육을 강화하여 영유아의 행복한 삶을 보장하고 존중받을 수 있는 진정한 교육이될 수 있는 정책을 요구하였다. 본 연구를 통한 시사점은 다음과 같다. 첫째, 국가 보육정책에 따라 어린이 집이 운영되고 있지만 기관마다의 차이가 나타나고 있으므로 보육 정책의 공공성을 보다 확고히 하여 모든 영유아가 차별 없는 보육과 교육을 받을 수 있는 기회를 제공하여야 함을 시사하였다. 둘째, 가정지원 보육정책으로 인한 부모 역할 약화 현상을 방지하기 위해 정부가 주도적으로 부모 역할 책임을 강화할 수 있는 부모교육 의무화를 제안하였다는데 의의가 있다. 셋째, 국가 보육정책이 수요자인 부모들을 지원하기 위한 정책보다는 영유아의 성장과 발달을 도모 하고 영유아의 권리와 행복한 삶을 위한 보육 서비스가 중점이 될 필요성을 언급하였다. 마지막으로 ‘위에서 아래로’의 일방적인 국가 보육정책보 다는 수요자들이 실질적으로 필요로 하는 요구를 수용하여 ‘아래에서 위로’의 국가 보육정책이 되어야 함을 시사하였다.
This study aimed to qualitatively analyze the contents after listening to the experiences of daycare center directors who operate daycare centers in accordance with the national childcare policy in the field. The specific research questions according to the purpose of this study are as follows. What is the management experience of the director of a daycare center in a life that follows the national childcare policy? This study collected four heads of daycare centers who want to actively share various backgrounds (institution, age, career, academic background, region, etc.) and experience in operating national childcare policies. The study period was conducted from September 2022 to March 2023, including preliminary surveys and this study. The research method was conducted in-depth individual interviews, and the data collection consisted of 20 written interviews, researcher journals, voice recordings, Korean files of Naver Clova notes, transcripts of interviews, and research notes. The results of a study on the management experience of daycare principals under the current national childcare policy are summarized as follows. First, the operational experiences of the heads of daycare centers living in accordance with the national childcare policy are as follows. The heads of daycare centers operated by reflecting the characteristics of each institution, such as the standards of national childcare policies, consignees, parents'' needs, and parents'' characteristics, and conducted consumer-centered parent education to strengthen connectivity with families and facilitate communication with parents. In addition, the heads of daycare centers applied and operated the Labor Standards Act to improve the working environment of teachers, and led the organizational culture by forming a horizontal relationship rather than a vertical relationship in teacher management. Finally, although there are differences between institutions, the directors of daycare centers played various roles such as nutritionists, nurses, cooks, and drivers in addition to the director''s unique duties. Second, the speed of the new wind of daycare centers following the national childcare policy for family support was as follows. First of all, the heads of daycare centers said that support for childcare at daycare centers affected parents'' perception that "the government will raise them if they give birth" and the "serviceization of childcare" in which even family-specific parenting is passed on to daycare centers. In addition, the heads of daycare centers mentioned that policies that can promote quality improvement should be sought rather than the quantitative expansion of national and public daycare centers and workplace daycare centers favored by parents. Finally, the heads of daycare centers said that various national childcare policies for family support weaken the responsibility of parenting and increase the parenting stress of childcare teachers. Third, the national childcare policy to support the operation of daycare centers has been shown to have various effects on the operation of daycare centers. First of all, the heads of daycare centers said that the guidance and inspection of the guidelines for daycare centers'' childcare projects added to the work and responsibilities of the head of the daycare center, which served as an unexpected net function. And the heads of daycare centers were concerned that strengthening safety management regulations would lead teachers to prevent safety accidents too much, "a phenomenon in which infants have no experience of avoiding themselves and refuse new experiences due to fear." In addition, strengthening safety regulations has led to a decline in teachers'' teaching methods and infringement of infants'' right to play. Next, daycare center directors said that as teachers become accustomed to behavioral guidelines that affect evaluation grades in the preparation process, the quality of education is lowered by uniformity rather than quality improvement. Finally, the heads of daycare centers demanded the improvement of treatment necessary in the field to improve the quality of childcare and the government''s institutional support to improve teachers'' active working attitudes and expertise. Fourth, the heads of daycare centers presented the following challenges that the national childcare policy should embrace. As a top priority, the heads of daycare centers called for the reservation integration of daycare centers and kindergartens under the Ministry of Education to lay the foundation for daycare centers to properly operate the functions of childcare and education. In addition, the heads of daycare centers proposed a system to ensure the qualitative growth and identity of faculty members by preparing not only teachers but also teachers'' employment stability and treatment improvement. Next, the heads of daycare centers mentioned the government-led mandatory parental education system so that parental education can function to enhance the importance and responsibility of parental roles as an improvement measure to strengthen the role of parents. Finally, the heads of daycare centers demanded a policy that strengthens basic education that must be met in infancy so that not only the needs and demands of parents but also the rights of infants and toddlers can be realized. The implications of this study are as follows. First, daycare centers are operated according to the national childcare policy, but there are differences between institutions, suggesting that the public nature of the childcare policy should be strengthened to provide opportunities for all infants and toddlers to receive non-discriminatory childcare and education. Second, it is meaningful that the government has proposed mandatory parental education to strengthen parental role responsibility in order to prevent the weakening of parental roles due to family support childcare policies. Third, he mentioned the need for national childcare policies to promote the growth and development of infants and to focus on childcare services for infants'' rights and happy lives rather than policies to support parents who are consumers. Finally, rather than a unilateral national childcare policy of "top to bottom," it was suggested that it should be a national childcare policy of "bottom to top" by accommodating the actual needs of consumers.
Ⅰ. 서론 ················································································································ 11. 연구의 필요성 및 목적 ························································································ 12. 연구문제 ·················································································································· 6Ⅱ. 이론적 배경 ·································································································· 61. 보육정책의 동향 ···································································································· 62. 어린이집 원장의 역할 ························································································ 24Ⅲ. 연구방법 ······································································································ 301. 연구자배경 ··········································································································· 302. 연구참여자 ··········································································································· 323. 연구절차 ··············································································································· 364. 자료수집 ··············································································································· 395. 자료분석 ··············································································································· 446. 연구참여자를 위한 윤리적 고려 ······································································ 49Ⅳ. 연구결과 및 해석 ······················································································ 501. 국가 보육정책에 따라 살아가는 어린이집 원장들 ······································ 50가. 어린이집 설립 유형의 특성 반영해서 운영하기 ·································· 51나. 수요자 중심의 부모교육 실시하기 ·························································· 55다. 근로기준법 내에서 교사 관리하기 ·························································· 59라. 멀티플레이어로 살아가기 ·········································································· 642. 가정지원 국가 보육정책에 따라가는 어린이집 신풍속도 ·························· 68가. 보육료 지원이 가져온 보육의 서비스화 ················································ 69나. 보여주기식 국공립·직장어린이집 확충 ··················································· 73다. 다양한 양육 지원 제도로 인한 부모 양육 책임의 약화 ···················· 773. 어린이집 운영 지원 국가 보육정책의 영향 ················································ 80가. 어린이집 운영 지도·점검의 허와 실 ······················································· 80나. 어린이집 평가제가 가져온 획일화 ·························································· 90다. 현행 교사 처우개선의 득과 실 ································································ 944. 국가 보육정책이 끌어안아야 할 당면 과제 ················································ 97가. 유보통합이 나아가야 할 길 ······································································ 97나. 운영의 질적 향상을 위한 교직원 정체성 보장 ·································· 101다. 부모교육의 의무화 ···················································································· 108라. 영유아를 위한 기본교육 강화 ························································· 111Ⅴ. 논의 및 결론 ··························································································· 115