목차

Ⅰ. INTRODUCTION 1
1.Microplastics (MPs) 1
1.1. Definition, classifications, and types of MPs 1
1.2. Environmental and human health risk exposed MPs 5
2. Overview of MPs removal technologies 9
2.1. Introduction of MPs removal technologies 9
2.2. Biological degradation 11
2.3. Filtration using membranes 13
2.4. Electro/chemical coagulation 15
3. Bioinspired coagulation using coordination bonds 20
3.1. Coordination bonds between metal and phenolic molecules 20
3.2. Coordination bonds-based complexation 22
4. Risk assessments of MPs 25
4.1. In vitro studies for risk assessments 25
4.2. In vivo studies for risk assessments 27
5. The objective of this thesis 33
Ⅱ. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 36
1. Two steps-surface modification of MPs 36
1.1. Formation of coordination bonds-based complex 36
1.2. Surface modification of polystyrene (PS) or polyethylene (PE) beads 36
1.2.1. Using chitosan (CS) and tannic acid (TA)/gallic acid (GA) 36
1.2.2. Using poly(diallyldimethylammonium chloride) (PDADMAC) and TA/GA 37
1.3. Coagulation of PS/PE beads and filtration of coagulated beads 37
1.4. In vitro studies for risk assessments 38
1.4.1. Cell viabilities 38
1.4.2. Detection of intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) level 39
1.4.3. Western blotting 39
1.4.4. Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-qPCR) analysis 40
1.4.5. Statistical analysis 41
1.5. In vivo studies for risk assessments 41
1.5.1. Animal study 41
1.5.2. Biodistribution of PS beads in liver, kidney and intestine of mice 42
1.5.3. Serum biochemical analysis 43
1.5.4. Histopathological analysis 44
1.5.5.Western blotting analysis 44
1.5.6. RT-qPCR analysis 45
1.5.7. Analysis of superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity 46
1.5.8. Analysis of ROS level 47
1.5.9. Statistical analysis 47
2. Single step-surface modification of MPs 48
2.1. TA-CS conjugates 48
2.2. Characterizations of TA-CS 48
2.3. Surface modification of microbeads (MBs) using TA-CS 49
2.4. Coagulation of beads and filtration of coagulated beads 49
2.5. In vitro studies for risk assessments 50
2.5.1. Cell viabilities 50
2.5.2. Detection of intracellular ROS level 51
2.5.3. Western blotting 51
2.5.4. RT-qPCR analysis 52
2.5.5. Statistical analysis 53
Ⅲ. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 54
1. Two steps-surface modification of MPs 54
1.1. Identification of coordination bonds in coordination complex 54
1.2. Characterizations of surface modification 56
1.2.1. Surface modification of beads using CS and TA/GA 56
1.2.2. Surface modification of beads using PDADMAC and TA/GA 64
1.3. MPs Removal efficiency 66
1.3.1. Surface modification of beads using CS and TA/GA 66
1.3.2. Surface modification of beads using PDADMAC and TA/GA 72
1.4. Risk assessments of PS beads by concentration in vitro 74
1.5. Biodistribution, toxicity, ROS, SOD and inflammatory responses in vivo 76
1.5.1. Accumulation and toxicity of PS beads in the liver, kidney, and intestine 76
1.5.2. Effects of PS beads on the inflammatory and ROS in liver 79
1.5.3. Effects of PS beads on the inflammatory and ROS in kidney 82
1.5.4. Effects of PS beads on the inflammatory and ROS in intestine 85
2. Single step-surface modification of MPs 88
2.1. Characterizations of TA-CS 88
2.2. Surface modification of beads using TA-CS 91
2.3. Removal efficiency of PS/PE/Poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) beads 94
2.4. Risk assessments of PS/PE/PMMA beads in vitro 98
Ⅳ. CONCLUSION 100
Ⅴ. REFERENCES 102
Abstract (In Korean) 119
Curriculum Vitae 121
Acknowledgement 124