Abstract
1. Flora
The purpose of this study was to provide the basic information for rational management plans for sustainable conservation and utilization by comprehensive analyzing the flora distributed in Jeongbyeongsan(Mt.), Changwon-city.
1) Vascular flora
The flora of Jeongbyeongsan(Mt.) was summarized as 464 taxa including 107 families, 275 genera, 404 species, 5 subspecies, 10 forms and 45 varieties. The pteridophyte coefficient, which indicates the degree of destruction of the natural ecosystem, was confirmed to be 0.7.
2) Endemic plants
The endemic plants were 14 taxa such as Impatiens koreana, Thalictrum actaefolium var. brevistylum, Lespedeza maritima, Chrysosplenium pilosum var. fulvum, and Weigela subsessilis etc.. The proportion of endemic plants to the total flora was 3.01% and 3.89% of 360 taxa of Korean endemic plants.
3) Rare plants
A total of 13 taxa were found for rare plants, critically endangered species (CR) were 3 taxa including Prunus x yedoensis(planted), Impatiens koreana and Magnolia kobus, endangered species (EN) were 2 taxa including Jeffersonia dubia and Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, vulnerable species (VU) was 1 taxa including Iris minutiaurea, least Concerned species (LC) were 6 taxa including Aristolochia contorta, Lilium distichum, Chionanthus retusus, Trigonotis icumae, Scutellaria insignis, and Tricyrtis macropoda, and data deficient species (DD) was 1 taxa including Chloranthus fortunei. The rare plants was 2.8% of the total plant taxa and 2.28% of the 571 taxa of rare domestic plants.
4) Naturalized plants
The naturalized plants identified in Jeongbyeongsan (Mt.) were 19 taxa including Solanum americanum, Aster pilosus, Crassocephalum crepidioides, Conyza sumatrensis, Erigeron annuus, Erechtites hieracifolia, Robinia pseudoacacia, Cerastium glomeratum, Fallopia dumetorum, Phytolacca americana, Viola papilionacea, Rumex crispus, Senecio vulgaris, Trifolium repens, Erigeron strigosus, Oenothera biennis, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Bidens pilosa, and Crassocephalum crepidioides, etc.. The naturalization rate and urbanization index were analyzed to be 4.09% and 5.9%, respectively. Ecosystem disturbance wildplants were 2 taxa, Ambrosia artemisiifolia and Aster pilosus.
5) Floristic special plants
There were a total of 61 taxa of floristic special plants identified in Jeongbyeong(Mt.), accounting for about 13.1% of the total 464 taxa. Grade I was 37 taxa such as Betula schmidtii, Aconitum jaluense and Ajuga spectabilis, etc., Grade II was 3 taxa including Caryopteris incana, Lilium distichum, and Viola orientalis, Grade III was 12taxa including Acer palmatum, Adoxa moschatellina, and Camellia sinensis, etc., Grade IV was 4 taxa such as Fallopia sachalinensis(planted) and Prunus davidiana ,etc., and Grade V was 5 taxa including Impatiens koreana, Jeffersonia dubia, Magnolia kobus, Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, and Prunus x yedoensis(planted). This was confirmed to be 4.85% of 1,257 taxa of floristic special plants.
6) Target plants adaptable to climate change
Target plants adaptable to climate change were 13 taxa including Ajuga spectabilis, Chloranthus fortunei, Corydalis turtschaninovii, Idesia polycarpa, Impatiens koreana, Lespedeza maritima, Ligustrum japonicum, Meliosma myriantha, Quercus glauca, Toxicodendron sylvestre, Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Salvia japonica and Scutellaria insignis, etc., among these, Endemic plant groups were 4 taxa including Lespedeza maritima, Impatiens koreana, Ajuga spectabilis, and Scutellaria insignis, Northern plants was 1 taxa including Corydalis turtschaninovii, and southern plants were 8 taxa including Quercus glauca, Chloranthus fortunei, Rhynchosia acuminatifolia, Toxicodendron sylvestre, Meliosma myriantha, Idesia polycarpa, Salvia japonica ,and Ligustrum japonicum.
2. Rare plants
The purpose of this study was to provide the basic data for the establishment of a systematic plan for conservation and restoration of rare plants, prevention of damage to their natural habitats, and maintenance, providing comprehensive research data, such as the relationship between the ecological characteristics of the natural habitats and environmental factors, which are lacking in existing genetic and breeding-related research.
1) Ecological environment of the natural habitats of rare plants
(1) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Chionanthus retusus, 22 taxa including Alangium platanifolium var. trilobum, Viburnum wrightii, Euonymus alatus. etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 167 m above sea level, and it was located at the foot of the mountain near Yongchu valley, the direction was on the southeastern slope, and the crown density was found to be 35%. The soil environment was 80% of sand, 12% of silt, and 8% of clay. The soil was sandy loam, solid 39.5%, liquid 12.0%, gaseous 48.6%, and porosity 61%. The soil pH was 4.16, organic content 10.9%, total nitrogen content 0.48%, the effective phosphorus was 6.20 ppm, the exchangeable cation content was Ca²? 3.55 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 1.05 cmol?/kg, K? 0.27 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.13 cmol?/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was 23.92 cmol?/kg.
(2) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitat of Chloranthus fortunei, 25 taxa including Cornus walteri, Lindera erythrocarpa, Lindera glauca, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitat was 134m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope, and the crown density was found to be 60%. The soil environment was sand 74.0%, silt 24.0%, clay 2.0%. The soil was sandy loam, solid 35.5%, liquid 13.1%, gaseous 51.4%, and porosity 60%. The soil was sandy loam, the soil pH was 4.29, organic matter content 7.3%, total nitrogen content 0.49%, effective phosphorus 5.82 ppm, exchangeable cation content Ca²? 1.03 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.87 cmol?/kg, K? 0.25 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.14 cmol?/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was 19.99 cmol?/kg.
(3) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Aristolochia contorta, 20 taxa including Weigela subsessilis, Securinega suffruticosa, Robinia pseudoacacia, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 142 mand it was located at the edge of the downstream of Yongchu valley, the direction was on the southeastern slope and the crown density was found to be 20%. The soil environment was sand 40%, silt 40%, and clay 20%, and the soil was loam, solid 44.9%, liquid 10.7%, gaseous 44.4%, and porosity 51%. Soil pH was 4.25, organic content 10.9%, total nitrogen content 0.47%, effective phosphorus 5.34 ppm, and the content of exchangeable cations was Ca²? 2.77 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.65 cmol?/kg, K? 0.22 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.15 cmol?/kg, the cation sexchange capacity was 23.81 cmol?/kg.
(4) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Impatiens koreana, 16 taxa including Lindera erythrocarpa, Robinia pseudoacacia, Viburnum erosum and Ligustrum obtusifolium, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 215 m, and it was located in the tattered area at the middle of the Yongchu valley. The direction was on the southeastern slope, and the crown density was found to be 40%. The soil environment was sand 78%, silt 19%, and clay 3%. The soil was loamy sand, solid 20.2%, liquid 14.4%, gaseous 65.4%, and porosity 80%. Soil pH is 4.28, organic content 7.3%, total nitrogen content 0.56%, effective phosphorus 9.66 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²? 1.94 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.51 cmol?/kg, K? 0.23 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.13 cmol?/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was found to be 18.87 cmol?/kg.
(5) For the distribution of plants in the native habitat of Jeffersonia dubia, 12 taxa were including Acer pseudosieboldianum, Corylus heterophylla and Quercus mongolica, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 310m above sea level, and the direction was on the eastern slope . It was located at the foot of the mountain near the middle and upper stream of Yongchu valley, and the crown density was found to be 50%. Soil environment was sand 58%, silt 32%, and clay 10%. The soil was sandy loam, with a solid 33.0%, liquid 15.3%, and gas phase 51.7% porosity 67%. Soil pH is 4.23, organic content 6.85%, total nitrogen content 0.40%, effective phosphorus is 9.33 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²? 1.45 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.42 cmol?/kg, K? 0.19 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.13 cmol?/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was 18.26 cmol?/kg.
(6) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Lilium distichum, 16 taxa including Toxicodendron sylvestre, Securinega suffruticosa and Ligustrum obtusifolium, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 210 m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope and it was located at the foot of a nearby mountain in the middle of Yongchu valley, and the crown density was 60%. The soil environment was sand 84%, silt 14%, clay 2%, and the soil was loamy sand, solid 23.5%, liquid 15.1%, gaseous 61.4%, and porosity 76%. Soil pH is 4.29, organic content is 6.7%, total nitrogen content is 0.78%, effective phosphorus is 8.80 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²? 1.37 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.47 cmol?/kg, K? 0.20 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.14 cmol?/kg, and the cation exchange capacity was found to be 20.66 cmol?/kg.
(7) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Magnolia kobus, 19 taxa including Viburnum wrightii, Euonymus alatus and Cornus walteri, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 120 m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope, and it was located at the downstream of Yongchu valley and the crown density was 60%. The soil environment was sand 40%, silt 48%, clay 12%, and the soil was loam, 33.0% solid, 9.9% liquid, 57% gaseous, and 67.0% porosity. Soil pH is 4.26, organic content 11.2%, total nitrogen content 0.80%, effective phosphorus 11.56 ppm, exchangeable cation content is Ca²? 3.82 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.99 cmol?/kg, K? 0.39 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.17 cmol?/kg, and the cation exchangeable capacity was 24.07 cmol?/kg.
(8) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Lycoris sanguinea var. koreana, 23 taxa including Viburnum wrightii, Euonymus alatus and Styrax japonicus, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 350 m, the direction was on the eastern slope, it was located at the foot of the mountain near the upstream of the Yongchu Valley and the crown density was 50%. The soil environment was sand 82%, silt 12%, clay 6%, and the soil was loamy sand, solid 25.0%, liquid 13.2%, gaseous 61.8%, porosity 75.0%. Soil pH was 4.26, organic matter content 8.6%, total nitrogen content 0.45%, effective phosphorus 7.92 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²? 1.11 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.48 cmol?/kg, K? 0.21 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.15 cmol?/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 18.24 cmol?/kg.
(9) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Scutellaria insignis, 24 taxa including Toxicodendron sylvestre, Euonymus alatus and Euonymus alatus f. ciliato-dentatus, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 340m above sea level, the direction was on the southeastern slope, it was located at the foot of the mountain upstream of the Yongchu valley and the crown density was 30%. The soil environment was sand 64%, silt 32%, clay 4%, and the soil was sandy loam, solid 33.0%, liquid 15.6%, gas phase 51.3%, and porosity 67%. The soil pH was 4.17, organic matter content 7.8%, total nitrogen content 0.55%, effective phosphorus 14.81 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²? 1.36 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.57 cmol?/kg, K? 0.29 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.15 cmol?/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 15.34 cmol?/kg.
(10) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Trigonotis icumae, 24 taxa including Alnus sibirica, Carpinus turczaninowii and Euonymus alatus, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 248m, the direction was on the eastern slope, it was located near the hiking trail near the Yongchu valley, and the crown density was 30%. The soil environment was sand 90%, silt 6%, clay 4%, and the soil was sand, solid 27.1%, liquid 11.0%, gaseous 61.9%, porosity 73%. Soil pH was 4.23, organic content 5.6%, total nitrogen content 0.78%, effective phosphorus 5.46 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²? 0.70 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.30 cmol?/kg, K? 0.15 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.13 cmol?/kg the cation exchange capacity was 15.35 cmol?/kg.
(11) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Tricyrtis macropoda, 21 taxa including Toxicodendron sylvestre, Diospyros lotus and Quercus aliena, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the natural habitats was 345 m above sea level, and the direction was on the western slope, it was located near a valley where water flows only in rainy weather, and the crown density was 50%. The soil environment was sand 84%, silt 12%, clay 4%, and the soil was loamy sand, solid 31.0%, liquid 10.9%, gas phase 58.1%, porosity 69%. soil pH was 4.24, organic content 6.8%, total nitrogen content 0.64%, effective phosphorus 7.60 ppm, and exchangeable cation content was Ca²? 1.06 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.53 cmol?/kg, K? 0.26 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.14 cmol?/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 17.17 cmol?/kg.
(12) For the distribution of plants in the natural habitats of Iris minutiaurea, 32 taxa including Carpinus tschonoskii, Carpinus turczaninowii and Viburnum erosum, etc,. were investigated. The elevation of the native habitat was 200 m, the direction was on the eastern slope, it was located near a small valley with a small amount of water, and the crown density was 40%. The soil environment was sand 60%, silt 35%, and clay 5%. The soil was sandy loam, solid 31.6%, liquid 16.8%, gaseous 51.6%, and porosity 68%. Soil pH was 4.17, organic content 10.8%, total nitrogen content 0.56%, effective phosphorus 8.80 ppm, and the content of exchangeable cations was Ca²? 0.79 cmol?/kg, Mg²? 0.27 cmol?/kg, K? 0.16 cmol?/kg, Na? 0.13 cmol?/kg, the cation exchange capacity was 15.43 cmol?/kg.