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논문 기본 정보

자료유형
학위논문
저자정보

조윤재 (한양대학교, 한양대학교 대학원)

지도교수
문효방
발행연도
2021
저작권
한양대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.

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이 논문의 연구 히스토리 (2)

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Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) have been used for surfactants, paper and textile coating materials, fire-fighting foams, and metal industry due to their unique properties. Given several evidences, PFOS, PFOA and their salts were nominated as the persistent organic pollutants (POPs) by the Stockholm Convention. According to the global regulation on C8-based per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs), short-chain PFASs (C4-6-based PFASs) and emerging PFASs (alternatives and precursors) have been introduced to the industrial market. Despite this, few studies have been conducted in novel PFASs in multiple environmental samples. Asan, located on the west coast of Korea, has been developed as high-tech industrial complexes, such as semi-conductor, LCD, and automobile industries, since the 1990s. In this study, legacy and emerging PFASs were measured in water, sediment, and biota samples collected from Asan Bay and its surrounding lakes in 2019 to assess the occurrence, multi-matrix distribution, and a bioaccumulation potential of these contaminants. Legacy and emerging PFASs were detected in all environmental samples, indicating widespread contamination. The highest concentrations of these contaminants were found in the locations from rivers close to industrial complexes, suggesting a potential source. In our study, the matrix-dependent contamination, and profiles of PFASs were observed. Short-chain PFASs, such as perfluorobutanoic acid (PFBA) were dominant in water samples, whereas long-chain PFASs were dominant in sediment and biota samples. Alternatives of PFASs, such as Gen-X, were detectable in water samples. These trends implied a shift in consumption patterns from legacy to emerging PFASs in a high-tech industry. PFOS, PFOA and PFTrDA were dominant PFASs in marine organisms. Different bioaccumulation profiles of PFASs were found depending on the species. Among the multi-matrix, water-sediment have significant correlation with each other (p<0.01), but biota-water and biota-sediment have not significant correlation. Non-parametric multidimensional scaling ordination showed that Lake Asan and Lake Namyang are major sources of PFASs, especially PFBA near the high-tech industrial complexes. The mass flux of total PFASs from surrounding lakes to Asan Bay was calculated to be 577.6 kg/year. The log bioaccumulation factor (BAF) of PFASs was highest in crustaceans, followed by fish, bivalves, and mollusks. Trophic magnification factor (TMF) > 1 observed for several long-chain PFASs, FOSA and F-53B indicated potentials for bioaccumulation in the food web. The RQwater of PFHxA, PFOA, PFNA, PFDA and PFOS were below 0.01, indicating very low environmental risk in study areas. Therefore, the environmental risk level of PFOS indicated from very low to intermediate. However, PFOS concentration in water showed higher than EQS value from Asan Bay (96%) and lakes (100%). PFBS concentrations in some water samples (20%) exceeded the AWV value, indicating that PFBS water might have a low potential risk to wildlife in some lakes. For that reason, the risk of PFASs pollution in water to human health should be brought to the further attention due to their bioaccumulation.

목차

1. Introduction 1
1.1. Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFASs) 1
1.2. Research objectives 5
2. Materials and Methods 6
2.1. Chemicals and standards 6
2.2. Study areas 10
2.3. Sample collection 12
2.4. Sample extraction and instrumental analysis 19
2.4.1. water samples 19
2.4.2. sediment samples 20
2.4.3. marine organisms 20
2.4.4. Instrumental analysis 21
2.5. Data analysis 26
2.5.1. Sediment-water partitioning coefficient (Kd) 26
2.5.2 Bioaccumulation factor calculation 26
2.5.3. Biota-sediment accumulation factor calculation 26
2.5.4. Trophic level calculation 27
2.5.5. Trophic magnification factor calculation 27
2.6. Quality assurance/quality control (QA/QC) 29
2.7. Statistical analysis 31
3. Results and Discussion 32
3.1. Concentrations and compositional profiles of PFASs in multi-matrix 32
3.2. Spatial distribution of PFASs 53
3.3. Source tracking 57
3.4. Mass flux of PFASs into Asan Bay 66
3.5. Kd, BAF, BSAFs and TMFs of PFASs 70
3.6. Environmental risk assessment of PFASs 79
4. Conclusions 82
5. References 84

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