신석기시대 뗀석기 기술과 생업활동 : 한강 유역 주거지 유적을 중심으로 :Technology of Knapped stone and Subsistence activity in the Neolithic era : Focusing on Risidential Sites in the Hangang River Basin

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자료유형: 학위논문

저자정보: 김영준 (단국대학교, 단국대학교 대학원)

지도교수: 이종수

발행연도: 2020

저작권: 단국대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.

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이 논문의 연구 히스토리 (4)

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신석기시대 기후 변화와 그에 대한 대응 -한강 유역 석기체계 변화를 중심으로-

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신석기시대 뗀석기 기술과 생업활동 : 한강 유역 주거지 유적을 중심으로

김영준 사학과 2020.01 학위논문

신석기시대 따비의 기술체계 -한강 유역을 중심으로-

김영준 한국신석기연구 2020.01 학술저널

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지금까지 간석기는 신석기시대를 대표하는 생업 도구로 간주되어 왔다. 그러나 한강 유역의 신석기시대 주거지에서는 간석기보다 뗀석기가 많이 출토된다. 이러한 양상은 간석기뿐만 아니라 신석기시대의 뗀석기 역시 주요 생업도구임을 보여준다. 또한 기존 연구방식인 석기 최종산물인 도구의 형태 연구로만은 석기의 제작, 사용, 폐기 양상 등에서 나타나는 다양한 변수를 해석할 수 없어, 신석기 사람들의 여러 생업 활동을 파악하기 어렵다. 따라서 이 글의 목적은 한강 유역 신석기시대 뗀석기 기술과 생업활동의 연관성을 살펴보는데 있다.
한강 유역 신석기시대 주거지 유적은 현재까지 70곳에 발굴 조사가 이루어졌다. 이 가운데 19개소 유적을 대상으로 살펴본 결과 출토된 뗀석기의 기술 체계는 충적지 유적의 자갈돌 뗀석기군과 구릉지 유적의 모난돌 뗀석기군으로 구분된다.
돌감 사용에 따라 구별되는 이들 뗀석기군에서는 뗀석기의 기종 구성에서도 차이가 확인된다. 이러한 차이는 유적의 입지 환경 별로, 뗀석기의 제작과 사용 양상이 다르다는 것을 알려준다.
이러한 현상을 설명하기 위해서, 이 글에서는 뗀석기 제작·사용·폐기 단계에서 나타나는 기술적 차별성에 대해, 작업 연쇄 공정을 바탕으로 살펴보았다. 그 결과 입지 환경에 따라 돌감 획득 전략, 밑감 생산, 그리고 도구 제작 등 제작 기술과 뗀석기 기능, 폐기양상에서 기술적 차이가 확인되었다. 제작기술을 살펴보면, 충적지 유적에서는 주로 격지를 이용하여 따비와 긁개, 칼을 제작하였고, 소형 자갈돌로 어망추를 생산하였다. 구릉지 유적에서는 대체로 조각을 사용하여 따비를 제작하였고, 맥석영 원석을 그대로 고석으로 이용하였다. 충적지 유적에서 이용한 격지는 대체로 자연면이 존재하는 1차 격지가 많으며, 구석기시대부터 일반적으로 사용한 돌망치 직접 떼기를 주로 활용하였고, 몸돌을 조정한 계획된 떼기보다는 산발적으로 격지를 떼어내는 방법을 구사하였다.
뗀석기 사용에 대한 연구는 쓴자국 분석을 통해 진행하였다. 그 결과 한강 유역의 출토 뗀석기에서는 동물 관련 흔적, 식물 관련 흔적, 그리고 장착과 관련된 흔적을 찾을 수 있었다. 이 가운데 한강유역 신석기시대 뗀석기는 식물자원과 깊은 관련이 있음을 알 수 있었다. 그리고 뗀석기 사용 방법에서도 직접 사용, 목제와 결합 등 여러 방법으로 뗀석기를 활용했음을 파악할 수 있었다. 이와 같은 분석 결과는 하나의 뗀석기가 여러 용도와 다양한 방법으로 사용되었음을 알려주고 있다.
폐기 과정에서 나타나는 기술 활동 역시 입지 환경에 따라 차이가 있다. 충적지 유적에서는 몸돌에서 체계적인 과정보다는 산발적으로 격지를 떼어내고 폐기하였다. 이 과정에서 떼어진 격지의 날카로운 자연 날을 이용하여 칼로 사용하다가, 날의 재생산을 통해 긁개로 변화시켜 사용하였다. 혹은 날이 무뎌지면 폐기하고, 다른 칼을 이용하기도 하였다. 구릉지 유적에서는 충적지의 폐기 과정과 달리, 잔손질을 통한 재생산 과정은 관찰되지 않아, 뗀석기 제작 혹은 사용 단계에서 파손되면 폐기되었다고 판단된다.
이와 같이 유적의 입지 환경 별로, 뗀석기의 다양성과 기술적 차별성을 채택한 기술-경제적 요인들은 따비의 사용 방법, 자원 이용 전략, 유적의 이동성과 뗀석기 돌감의 유입 배경에서 오는 차이로 설명할 수 있다.
아울러 한강 유역 신석기시대의 주거 체계와 뗀석기 기술 체계의 전반적인 변화 양상을 바탕으로 생업 활동을 살펴보았다. 그 결과 한강 유역의 신석기 유적에서는 입지 환경에 따라 나타나는 두 개의 기술 체계가 신석기 전기부터 공존한다. 신석기시대 전기에는 대규모 마을 중심으로 다양한 생업 활동이 이루어졌다. 이 중 뗀석기는 식물 자원을 채취하는 데에 이용하였는데, 충적지 유적의 주민은 종실류, 구릉지 주민은 구근류를 채취할 때에 뗀석기를 사용하였다. 신석기시대 중기에는 갈돌·갈판을 중심으로 하는 중규모 마을을 중심으로, 주변으로 특수 목적 집단을 보내 생업 활동을 하였다. 그리고 신석기시대 후기에는 고석이 주로 출토되는 소규모 마을 유적을 중심으로, 주변의 여러 입지 환경을 최대한 활용하면서, 조직적인 전략으로 생업 활동이 이루어진다.

Until now, Grind stone tool has been considered as the tools of the trade representing Neolithic era. However, more Knapped stone have been seen than Grind stone tool in the neolithic residential areas of the Hangang River basin. This aspect shows that a variety of subsistence activities of prehistoric man cannot be explained and translated by Grind stone only. Therefore, this thesis tries to study on the technical aspects of Knapped stone based on a concept of a chain of working process, which is different from morphological and functional categorization that have been practiced until now.

The residential sites of the Hangang River basin is developed on the hill areas and alluvial land. Considering the geological features around sites, in a riverside within a 5-kilometer radius of the sites, there are gravel areas in hill areas and angular stones such as schist and quartz in the alluvial land. In other words, whether the sites are hill areas or alluvial land, a raw material area near the sites have a proper geological environment to get a gravel and angular stone. Nevertheless, gravel stone tools were mainly used in the alluvial site. On the other hand, angular stone tools were overwhelmingly excavated from the residential areas on the hill areas. It means that the aspect of using the raw material is relatively clear to understand depending on the conditions.
There are differences in the excavation aspects and types of stone tools between gravel stone assemblage in the alluvial sites and angular stone assemblage sorted by the aspect of using the raw material, weederplow, side-scraper, knife and Fishing net weight in the gravel stone assemblage and in the case of the angular stone assemblage weederplow and hammer stone were the main. In addition, flake has intensively unearthed among the pieces such as core, flake and debris that usually come from the stone tool manufacturing process. On the other hand, in the hill area sites only the tools are reported except for some pieces coming from stone tool manufacturing process. These differences shows that there is a difference in aspect between the usage and production of Knapped stone depending on the location and condition of the sites.
To explain this condition, technical differences were examined, which came from the stage of the raw material acquisition, manufacturing, using and discarding of stone tools in a chain of working process. As a result, stone tool makers in the alluvial sites developed a strategy for directly acquiring the raw material in the shape of gravelstone from the second resource area and mainly used amphibolite, quartzite and quartz, while the angular stones from the first resource areas was used restrictively. Residents in the hill areas directly acquired the raw materials from the first resource area of 사면기원 angular stone and selectively used schist and quartz which have grain of stone. Commonly, the raw material which has grain of stone could become obstacles when the tool was made because materials could be broken unexpectedly and separated into unintended directions. However, in spite of this flaw, it might be the best raw material to make a Knapped stone manufacturing because the nature of schist makes one facet of the stone to be flat easily without an effort.
In the aspect of blank manufacturing process, residents in the alluvial area near Hangang River basin used and produced flake from gravel core. while a grain of stones selectively acquired near the hill areas was used to manufacture the tools. Therefore, 밑감 manufacturing process was also depending on the conditions that they have.
Tool manufacturing process was also affected by the conditions that they have. In the alluvial areas, weederplow, side-scraper and knives were made with flake. In the hill areas, 따비 was made with debris and hammer stone was intensively produced with a rough quartz. The 격지 used in the alluvial areas are normally the first flake which have a natural facet. It was removed by direct percussion with stone hammer which was widely used from Paleolithic Era, which was not a prepared removal adjusting cores but removal sporadically.
The study of using Knapped stone preceeded by analyzing use-wear. As a result, Knapped stone from Hangang River basin represents the trace of animals, vegetation, and 장착. A knife from Misari sites among the alluvial areas has an animal-related trace and the trace of vegetation is found in a knife from Amsadong sites. In addition, there is a confirmed precedent study related to the trace of vegetation in a knife and 긁개. This analysis shows that a knife with a natural blade from the alluvial area was widely used as a variety of use related to animal and vegetation resources.
In the case of nubi flake weederplow from the alluvial area, the trace was not found but it might be assumed to be a tool related to animal resource usage based on the case studies of Hangang River excavation. Vegetation trace was observed in a grain of stone 조각 따비 from hajungdong sites in the hill areas. And also, the trace related to 장착 was found in 따비 from the hill areas, which was not observed in the alluvial areas.
For such a reason, neolithic knapped stone assemblage from Hangang River basin shows diversity and technical differences at the same time depending on the environmental condition. Therefore, a study according to technical-economical facts adopting diversity and technical differences based on the environmental conditions was conducted.
따비 from the hill areas has no formal shape according to the categorization from the academic world but in the case of a single facet, it has a feature which has a single flat surface in common. It is assumed that this kind of feature is the outcome of using the removed piece along the grain of stone as a blank, which is the technical option to combine with wood. Along with a feature of manufacturing process, weederplow from the hill areas has the removed trace on the upper facet or tiered trace. As a whole, It might be assumed that nubi flake weederplow from the alluvial areas could be used with hand directly while debris weederplow of the grain of stone from the hill areas might be made for combine, which maximizes efficiency of weederplow.
뗀석기 from the alluvial and hill areas is the tool heavily related to gathering plants. The only difference is that knapped stone from the alluvial areas is Havesting tool used to get food from seeds and nuts and considering the combination features of knapped stone and folklore data from Japan, knapped stone from hill areas is the tool used to get food from bulbs and tubers. Additionally, it is judged that activities related to animal resources as well as vegetation resource are found in knapped stone from the alluvial areas, but knapped stone from the hill areas is the tool heavily focused on the activities to gather the seeds and nuts.
In addition, the odd thing is that the traces of a small number of flake sporadically removed were found in most of the cores from the alluvial areas and the traces of adjusting cores to produce systematic flake could not be found. It means that the cores were used only to extemporally produce a few flake which are necessary from the cores and then thrown away. In other words, it might be said that after flakes were produced as much as need be according to the raw materials extemporally supplied, the cores were discarded. This kind of aspect is also confirmed in most unearthed flake which were the primary. However, it is judged that sporadic flake removal is the result of abundancy of the raw materials. In other words, a location where the alluvial remains are located in is the secondary source which a variety of stones were flowed in. It might say that residents who had occupied the alluvial areas in Neolithic Era were not constrained by the raw materials because it is the place where the raw materials were found easily when they need them. Therefore, it is judged that it is unnecessary process for them to adjust cores to get flake.
In addition to this flake removal aspect, another thing to pay attention is the usage of knife and weederplow removed from alluvial cores. Knife and weederplow is knapped stone made of gili flake and nubi flake as the raw materials. Chipped traces were frequently observed in the edge judged as a blade. This aspect is extensively found on the alluvial tools made of flake as the raw materials. It might be assumed that such knife had a natural blade of gili flake removed from the core, and the blade became blunt and chipped by using the blade. After that, the blade was resharpened by retouch and then became side-scraper observed today. It might say that side scraper became smaller through the stage of the natural blade followed by retouch and retouching and finally thrown away.
Meanwhile, the number of side-scrapers is more than knives in the alluvial remains. As explained above, this aspect might be said that not only a knife was used as a side-scrapers after retouching but also new knife was used after the natural blade became blunt and immediately thrown away. In other words, tools might be thought of disposable ones used and dumped as needed.
Lastly, this thesis considers a residential system near Hangang River basin in Neolithic Era and a general changing aspect of knapped stone technical system. At the same time, a general changing aspect of subsistence is also considered.
A variety of knapped stone were used to get plant resources around the large scale residential sites near Hangang River basin in the Early Neolithic period. Especially, residents used two types of technical system to do for a living and restrictively logistical movement strategy which sent specially purposed organization to a location within 10 km from the sites to gather nuts and more.
In the Middle Neolithic period, medium-scaled organization occupied the hill area. In the process of this, new medium-scaled residential sites appeared. This medium-scaled residential sites have base settlement features of processing food by using stone grinding pestle·saddle quern intensively instead of limited use of knapped stone. Residents sent logistically organized group who used specific tools to the hill areas within 10 km from the sites to do something for a living.
In the Late Neolithic period, residential system was divided into smaller groups, which newly occupied diverse location environments (e.g. a terrace, top of the valley and more) as well as the alluvial and hill areas. It might be said that such small residential sites could be divided into the sites that normally use hammer stone among knapped stone and the sites that have no stone tool remains and Around both sites specially organized groups that used specific tools were sent more often than in Early / Middle Neolithic period to do organized activities for a living.
In this way, two types of technical system represented by location environment coexist before the Early Neolithic period. Residents at that time used knapped stone more frequently to gather plant resources during the procuring activities. And then, procuring activities were getting changed, fully facilitating the alluvial and hill areas over time.
Study above might not have enough explanations to understand the whole aspects of knapped stone near Hangang River basin in Neolithic period. For example, not comparing data of knapped stone which come from diverse (especially shell midden) near Hangang River basin shows clear limitation of this thesis. However, as recent trend of studying considers focusing on diverse subsistence activities of residents in Neolithic period, it might be thought that this thesis could provide new directions of research which can find connections between knapped stone technology and subsistence.

Ⅰ.서 론 ····················································································1
1. 문제제기 및 연구 목적 ····························································· 1
2. 연구 동향·············································································2
1) 유적 조사 현황······································································· 2
2) 한강 유역 신석기 문화 연구·························································4
3) 신석기시대 뗀석기 연구···························································· 6
3. 연구 범위 및 방법··································································· 9
1) 연구 범위···········································································9
2) 연구 방법···········································································11
(1) 석기 기술 체계와 작업연쇄 공정···············································11
(2) 사냥-채집 사회의 생존·주거 체계 모델······································ 13
Ⅱ. 입지 환경과 유적 현황·······························································16
1. 유적의 입지환경·····································································16
1) 개념 검토············································································16
2) 한강 유역의 지형과 지질 환경··················································· 17
2. 유적 현황과 편년····································································· 20
1) 유적 현황············································································ 20
(1) 임진강 유역········································································ 24
(2) 북한강 유역········································································ 31
(3) 남한강 유역········································································ 35
(4) 한강 본류역········································································ 40
(5) 한강 하류 및 서해 일부··························································46
2) 유적의 편년··········································································53
(1) 신석기시대 전기···································································56
(2) 신석기시대 중기··································································· 56
(3) 신석기시대 후기··································································· 57
Ⅲ. 한강 유역 뗀석기의 다양성과 변화···················································58
1. 신석기시대 뗀석기의 분류 체계······················································58
1) 간석기와 뗀석기 분류 기준·························································58
2) 뗀석기 분류 기준···································································· 59
(1) 제작과정 석기······································································61
(2) 손질된 도구·········································································62
2. 한강유역 뗀석기군의 석기 양상·····················································67
1) 충적지 유적의 자갈돌 뗀석기군····················································67
2) 구릉지 유적의 모난돌 뗀석기군····················································71
3. 뗀석기의 시기별 변화 양상···························································75
Ⅳ. 작업 연쇄 공정으로 본 뗀석기군의 기술 체계 차별성···························· 77
1. 뗀석기 제작 과정의 기술 활동························································77
1) 돌감 획득 전략········································································77
(1) 돌감 산지 구분······································································77
(2) 뗀석기군의 돌감 특성······························································ 78
(3) 돌감 획득 전략 ···································································· 80
2) 밑감의 생산(debitage)································································ 82
(1) 뗀석기군의 제작 과정 석기의 특징··············································· 82
(2) 밑감 생산 공정····································································· 86
3) 도구의 제작·········································································· 87
2. 뗀석기 사용과 폐기··································································· 91
1) 뗀석기 쓴자국 분석·································································· 91
(1) 미사리 유적········································································ 91
(2) 암사동 유적········································································ 92
(3) 시흥 하중동 유적··································································94
(4) 김포 신안리 유적·································································95
2) 뗀석기 기능 고찰 ································································· 98
3) 폐기 과정··········································································· 101
3. 주변 수계의 뗀석기들과 비교······················································104
1) 대동강 유역········································································104
2) 금강 유역··········································································· 105
3) 낙동강 유역········································································ 109
4) 섬진강·영산강 유역······························································ 111
Ⅴ. 뗀석기 기술 체계의 결정 요인과 생업활동········································ 113
1. 기술 체계의 변수들······························································· 113
1) 입지환경별 따비의 사용 방법··················································· 113
2) 뗀석기 조합과 자원 이용 전략··················································116
(1) 식물자원········································································116
(2) 동물자원········································································ 121
3) 이동성과 돌감 유입 배경······················································· 125
2. 주거체계와 생업활동의 변화···················································· 131
1) 단독주거지 성격과 뗀석기······················································ 131
2) 시기별 생업활동의 변화······················································· 135
(1) 신석기시대 전기: 대규모 마을 유적 중심의 생업활동····················· 135
(2) 신석기시대 중기: 중규모 마을 유적 등장과 생업활동····················· 141
(3) 신석기시대 후기: 소규모 마을 유적 등장과 생업활동····················· 145
Ⅵ. 결 론················································································ 156
참고문헌················································································ 160
영문요약················································································ 174

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