본 연구는 춘천의 진산인 봉의산근린공원의 식생구조 특성을 활용한 관리방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 춘천 봉의산근린공원은 춘천시가지 중심에 위치하고 있으며, 시민들의 휴식 및 여가공간으로의 활용도가 매우 높고, 춘천의 녹지보전축과 하천보전축의 구심점 역할을 하는 매우 중요한 산이다.
삼국시대에 조성된 봉의산성은 강원도 및 춘천의 행정, 군사, 시장의 중심으로서 봉의산은 삼국시대 이후 현재까지 지속적으로 훼손되었다. 봉의산의 산맥은 과거 요선터널 및 탑거리 까지 내려와 있던 서쪽산맥과 춘천분지 동남쪽에 위치한 대룡산에서 뻗어 나온 동쪽산맥, 그리고 과거 향교골과 옛 동부동 치안센터까지 내려와 있던 남쪽산맥들은 도시개발로 인해 크게 훼손되었고, 생태적 고립 및 단절은 더욱 심화되었다. 봉의산의 생태계 고립 및 단절은 옛 지도 및 옛 사진에서도 확인할 수 있었다. 1895년에 제작된 『춘천읍지』의 강원도관찰부도에는 봉의산에 소나무가 그려져 있어 봉의산의 소나무는 그 이전부터 자생하고 있음이 확인되는 등 그 역사성과 생태적 가치가 높았다.
봉의산근린공원의 관리주체는 현재 이원화되어 있다. 강원도 산림과학연구원에서는 도유림 차원으로 관리를 하고 있으며, 춘천시는 도시계획시설상 근린공원으로 지정하여 관리하고 있었다. 관리사항은 크게 수목식재 및 식생복원, 병해충 방제, 풀베기 등의 임학적 식생관리와 통나무 목책 및 녹화마대 설치, 휀스 교체, 등산로 정비 등의 도시공원 시설관리가 주로 시행되었다.
봉의산근린공원의 식생구조를 살펴보면 현존식생 비율은 전체면적 대비 신갈나무는 27.5%, 신갈나무-졸참나무는 2.1%, 소나무는 15.1%, 소나무-신갈나무는 15.4%, 박달나무는 1.6%, 아까시나무는 5.8%, 잣나무는 1.6%이었다. 자연식생은 신갈나무, 졸참나무, 소나무, 박달나무 등이었다. 인공식생은 아까시나무, 잣나무였다. 지형특성과 현존식생 분포 간 상관성 분석 결과, 신갈나무는 주로 남서, 북서, 남동사면에 분포하고 있었으며, 해발고는 100~200m, 경사도는 20~30°이상, 향은 남동, 남, 남서, 서, 북서향의 지형특성을 보였다. 신갈나무가 우점하는 신갈나무-졸참나무는 주로 서사면의 능선부에 위치하고 있었으며, 해발고는 150~250m, 경사도는 20~30°, 향은 북향의 지형특성이 있었다. 소나무는 동쪽과 남동사면 능선부에 주로 분포하고 있었으며, 해발고는 150~200m, 경사도는 20~30°이상, 향은 북동, 동, 남동향의 지형적 특성에 분포하고 있었다. 소나무-신갈나무는 주능선을 중심으로 해발고 100~250m이상, 경사도는 20~30°이상, 향은 서, 북서향에 주로 분포하고 있었다. 박달나무는 북동쪽의 계곡부, 충원사 북쪽 급경사지에 주로 분포하고 있었으며, 해발고 150m미만의 저지대, 경사도는 15~30°, 향은 북동에서 동향에 위치하고 있었다.
봉의산근린공원의 식물군집구조는 총 7개 군집으로 분류되었다. 소나무군집(군집 Ⅰ)과 소나무-신갈나무-졸참나무군집(군집 Ⅱ)은 당분간 소나무군집으로 유지할 것으로 판단되나, 장기적으로는 소나무군집에서 신갈나무, 졸참나무의 참나무군집으로 천이가 예상되었다. 신갈나무군집(군집 Ⅲ)은 군집 내 신갈나무의 우점도가 높아 신갈나무군집으로 계속 유지될 것으로 예상되었으며, 졸참나무-신갈나무군집(군집 Ⅳ)은 당분간 졸참나무군집으로 유지가 예상되나 장기적으로는 졸참나무와 신갈나무가 혼효된 참나무군집으로 변화할 가능성이 높았다. 박달나무군집(군집 Ⅴ)은 군집 내 박달나무의 우점도가 높아 박달나무군집으로 유지될 것으로 예상되었다. 상수리나무-아까시나무군집(군집 Ⅵ)은 장기적으로 참나무군집으로 변화가 예상되었고, 잣나무군집(군집 Ⅶ)은 군집 내 잣나무의 우점도가 높아 잣나무군집으로 유지될 것으로 예측되었다.
표본목의 수령은 소나무 60년생, 78년생, 105년생, 47년생, 신갈나무 47년생, 졸참나무 53년생, 54년생, 박달나무 40년생, 아까시나무 37년생, 잣나무 52년생으로 나타났다. 종수 및 개체수는 12~40종, 126~731개체수가 나타났으며, 종다양도 지수는 0.6779~1.3218이었다.
봉의산근린공원의 토양의 이화학적 특성을 분석해본 결과, 토성은 사양도와 양질사토이었고, pH의 수치는 평균 4.84로 산성토양이었다. 유기물 함량은 평균 7.22%, 유효인산의 평균 수치는 40.53㎎/㎏로 각각 미경작 산림토양에 비해 높은 수치를 나타냈으며, Ca++, Mg++, K+의 치환성 양이온 함량은 미경작 산림토양에 비해 낮았다.
봉의산근린공원의 식생구조 특성을 고려하여 목표식생 및 관리방안을 4가지 유형으로 제시하였다. 역사성이 있고, 생태적으로 보존할 가치가 높은 소나무군집(군집 Ⅰ)과 소나무-신갈나무-졸참나무군집(군집 Ⅱ)은 ① 자연경관 보전 및 복원형으로, 천이계열에 의해 소나무가 도태되어가고 참나무류가 우점하고 있는 신갈나무군집(군집 Ⅲ), 졸참나무-신갈나무(군집 Ⅳ), 상수리-아까시나무군집(군집 Ⅵ)은 ② 생물다양성 증진형으로, 주로 깊은 산속 습윤한 지역에서 볼 수 있으나 춘천 도심 한복판에 위치한 박달나무군집은 ③ 특이군락 보전형(군집 Ⅴ)으로, 잣나무가 우점하고 접근성이 양호한 잣나무군집(군집 Ⅶ)은 ④ 휴양 및 체험형으로 분류하여 각 유형별 생태적 관리방안을 제시하였다. 또한, 봉의산근린공원 관리관계의 명확화를 위한 관리주체의 일원화와 역사적, 생태적, 학술적 연구가치가 큰 소나무림과 박달나무림은 생태·경관보전지역으로 지정하여 보호·관리할 것을 제안하였다.

This study was performed to establish a management plan using the characteristics of the vegetation structure of Bonguisan Neighborhood Park, an important mountain in Chuncheon. Bonguisan Neighborhood Park is located in the center of Chuncheon. This is a very popular place for relaxation and leisure. And it is the center of the Green Zone Preservation and River Conservation in Chuncheon. Bonguisan Fortress, which was established during the Three Kingdoms Period, became the administrative, military and market center of Gangwon province and Chuncheon. Since then, Bonguisan has been continuously damaged since the Three Kingdoms Period.
In the past, the western mountain range of Bonguisan was down to the Yo-seon Tunnel and Tower Street. Also, the eastern mountain range stretching out from Dae-Ryong Mt. and the southern mountain range of Bonguisan, which had previously descended to Hyang-Gyo valley and the former eastern old Dong-Bu dong police substation, were damaged by urban development. Thus, the ecological isolation of Bonguisan has deepened. The ecological isolation of Bonguisan was also seen in old maps and old photographs. Pinus densiflora was painted on Bonguisan in map of Gangwon provincial capital maked in 1895. It was very historic and worth preserving.
The management of Bonguisan Neighborhood Park is dualized. In Gangwon province, they were managing it with provincial forest. Chuncheon City was designated and managed as a neighborhood park. The management were carried out with the forestry management of tree planting, vegetation restoration, pest control, and mowing. And facility management in Neighborhood parks was mainly carried out by replacing log, change of greed burlap bag, fence replacing and repairing hiking trails.
The percentage of vegetation in Bonguisan Neighborhood Park is as follows. Compared to the total area, there were 27.5 percent of the Quercus mongolica, 2.1 percent of the Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata, 15.1 percent of the Pinus densiflora, 15.4 percent of the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica, 1.6 percent of the Betula schmidtii, 5.8 percent of the Robinia pseudoacacia and 1.6 percent of the Pinus koraiensis.
The relationship between vegetation and terrain characteristics is as follows. Quercus mongolica were mainly located in the southwest, northwest and southeast slopes of Bonguisan Neighborhood Park. The sea level was less than 100meters to 200meters, the gradient was more than 20° to 30°, and characterized by topographical features in the southeast, south, southwest, west and northwest directions. Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata was located in the ridges of the west-side. The elevation of the sea was 150meters to 250 meters, the gradient was more than 20° to 30°, and characterized by topographical features in northward. Pinus densiflora were mainly located in the eastern and southeastern part of the ridge. The elevation of the sea was 100meters to 200meters, the gradient was more than 20° to 30°, and characterized by topographical features in northeast, east and southeast. Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica were more than 100 meters to 250 meters above sea level, with the main ridge. The gradient was 20° to 30° or more and characterized by topographical features in the west and northwest directions. Betula schmidtii was located in the valley department in the northeast, in the steep slope north of Chung-Won Temple. Low-lying areas less than 150meters above sea level, gradient was 15° to 30°, and characterized by topographical features in northeast and east.
The vegetation of Bonguisan Neighborhood Park was increasing ecological succession by Quercus mongolica. So Pinus densiflora were isolated and surviving on the ridges of the eastern and southeastern slopes. Because the Pinus densiflora are also competing with the Quercus mongolica, management measures for the preservation of the Pinus densiflora were urgently needed.
According to the analysis of vegetaion structure in Bonguisan Neighborhood Park, it was classified into six clusters in total. It was judged that the Pinus densiflora Community(Community I) and the Pinus densiflora-Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata Community(Community II) would remain the Pinus densiflora for the time being. In the long run, the Pinus densiflora Community was expected to Quercus mongolica-Quercus serrata Community. Quercus mongolica Community(Community III) were expected to continue to be Quercus mongolica Community because Quercus mongolica colonies was high. It was expected to be maintained as a Quercus serrata-Quercus mongolica Community for the time being as a Quercus serrata-Quercus mongolica was high.
Betula schmidtii Community(Community V) had a high degree of superiority among Betula schmidtii in the colony. So it was expected to remain Betula schmidtii Community. Quercus mongolica Community was expected to be a long-term Quercus mongolica Community(Community VI). Pinus koraiensis Community(Community VII) were expected to remain Pinus koraiensis due to the high proportion of Pinus koraiensis. Age of sample tree of age was as follows. Pinus densiflora was 60years, 78 years, 105 years, 47 years, 47 years, Quercus serrata was 53 years, 54 years, Betula schmidtii was 40 years, Robinia pseudoacacia was 37 years. And Pinus koraiensis was 52 years.
Saturn was a sandy loam and loamy sand. The figure for pH was 4.84 on average, compared with that for acidic soil. The average level of organic matter content was 7.22 percent and the average figure of effective phosphorus was 40.53 mg/kg, which was higher than that of uncultivated forest soil, respectively. The exchangeable cation content of Ca++, Mg++ and K+ was found to be lower than that of uncultivated forest soil.
There are four types of management based on the above research content and results. Community I and Community Ⅱ with high historicity and value for ecological preservation were designated ① Conservation and Restoration of Natural Landscape type. The Community Ⅲ and Community Ⅳ, Community Ⅵ which is dominated by Quercus mongolica and Quercus serrata were designated ② Biodiversity promotion type. Community Ⅴ can be seen in areas with a lot of deep mountain humidity, and located in the middle of downtown Chuncheon were designated ③ Special conservation type. Community Ⅶ were designated as ④ Recreation and experience types.
In addition, it proposed the unification of the management relationship of Bonguisan Neighborhood Park and It was proposed that Pinus densiflora forests and Betula schmidtii forests of great historical, ecological and academic value should be designated as ecological and landscape conservation areas to protect and manage them.