시스템 조명의 연출 변화에 따른 불쾌글레어 설계 지표 연구 :A Study on Discomfort Glare Design Index According to Changes in System Lighting Settings

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자료유형: 학위논문

저자정보: 정찬웅 (충남대학교, 忠南大學校大學院)

지도교수: 이진숙

발행연도: 2018

저작권: 충남대학교 논문은 저작권에 의해 보호받습니다.

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이 논문의 연구 히스토리 (2)

2018

시스템 조명의 연출 변화에 따른 불쾌글레어 설계 지표 연구

정찬웅 건축공학과 2018.01 학위논문

2016

조명의 동적변화 시 조명물리량이 불쾌글레어에 미치는 영향

정찬웅 , 이한진 , 류영하 외 1명 한국조명·전기설비학회 학술대회논문집 2016.05 학술대회자료

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본 연구에서는 조명 연출 변화가 가능한 조명 환경에서 불쾌글레어와 피로감을 확인하였으며, 이를 제어·설계하기 위한 지표를 구성하였다. 평가는 연출 변인 중 휘도비를 전제로 한 변인을 선정하였으며, 연출 변화 有·無에 의한 차이, 광원·非광원 시야에 의한 차이, 휘도비 제어에 의한 차이를 확인하고자 하였다.
이에 평가 구성은 조도 및 표면색에 의한 연출 변화를 확인하였으며, 조도 및 조명 면적에 의한 연출 변화를 확인하였다. 또한 배경 조도 제어에 의한 연출 변화를 확인하였다.

주요 연구 결과는 다음과 같다.

첫째, 조명의 조도 및 표면색에 의한 조도 불변 時 표면색(표면반사율)과 관계없이 대부분 허용 범위(‘지각할 수 있는(A)’)에 포함되었으며, 피로감은 높은 표면반사율이나 고조도 영역에서 ‘피로가 시작되는’ 범위로 나타났다. 이에 의한 결과는 표면색 간 투사되는 휘도가 재실자의 불쾌글레어와 피로에 영향을 미치고 있으나, 그 영향은 미미한 것으로 판단된다. 반면 조도 변화 時 불쾌글레어와 피로감은 표면반사율이 높아질수록 허용 범위가 제한적이며, 선행 조도와 후행 조도의 차이가 클수록 증가하였다. 이에 의한 결과는 표면색에 투사되는 휘도 간의 변화가 재실자의 불쾌글레어와 피로에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 불쾌글레어와 피로를 줄이기 위해 반드시 제어해야 할 대상으로 판단된다.
둘째, 조도 및 조명 면적에 의한 연출 불변 時 불쾌글레어와 피로감 간의 지표 등급은 유사하며, 배경 휘도와 광원 휘도 간 휘도비가 낮거나 대면적·저조도의 연출에서 대부분 허용 범위로 나타났다. 이에 의한 결과는 소면적 광원이 연출 변화가 없는 일반적 조명 환경에서도 재실자의 불쾌글레어와 피로에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 허용 범위에 의한 적정 설계가 요구된다. 반면 연출 변화 時 불쾌글레어와·피로감의 지표 등급은 동일 조도 연출 간 가장 이상적 범위로 나타났으며, 연출 특성(소면적·저조도 연출, 대면적·고조도 연출)과 관계없이 연출 간 광원 휘도비가 낮은 연출에서 대부분 허용 범위로 나타났다. 이에 의한 결과는 조명 면적과 조도 연출 변화 특성이 재실자의 불쾌글레어와 피로에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 연출 변화에 의한 조명 환경 조성 時 후행 연출에 의한 소면적·고조도 사용에 주의가 요구된다.
셋째, 배경 조도 제어에 의한 연출 불변 時 배경 조도에 의한 경향은 유사하나 배경 조도가 높아짐에 따라 불쾌글레어와 피로감은 감소하였으며, 직부 광원에 의한 불쾌글레어 발생 時 보조 조명(간접 조명)에 의한 제어가 일부 가능하였다. 이에 의한 결과는 광원과 배경면의 휘도비가 재실자의 불쾌글레어와 피로에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 광원과 배경면의 휘도비는 되도록 낮게 설계되어야 한다. 반면 아무리 보조 조명을 병행 하거나 배경 조도를 높여주어도 1차 조명(직부등)이 소면적·고조도로 설계가 될 경우 순화되지 않는 범위는 존재하며, 필연적인 설계는 불가능하다. 반면 연출 변화 時 배경 조도가 높아짐에 따라 불쾌글레어와 피로감은 감소하였으며, 연출 특성(배경 휘도)과 관계없이 광원 휘도비가 낮은 연출에서 대부분 허용 범위로 나타났다. 이에 의한 결과는 광원과 배경면의 휘도비, 연출 간 광원의 휘도비가 재실자의 불쾌글레어와 피로에 영향을 미치고 있음을 알 수 있으며, 시스템에 의한(연출 변화가 가능한) 연출 조명 조성 時 불쾌글레어와 피로감을 감소시킬 수 있는 요인으로 작용하였다. 반면 연출 간 광원 면적 차이나 조도차가 클 경우 순화되지 않는 범위는 존재하며, ‘불허용’ 범위에 의한 연출 변인은 반드시 피해야 한다.

표면반사율에 의한 불쾌글레어와 피로감은 조명의 연출 변화(조도의 변화) 유·무 의한 영향이 크게 작용하며, 불쾌글레어와 피로감을 고려한 실내 마감 선정 時 표면반사율이 높은 작업면(마감재)과 고휘도 조명의 복합적 설계를 지양해야 한다. 또한 선행 연출과 후행 연출의 조명량이 크게 차이가 나면 불쾌글레어와 피로는 증가하므로, 조명량 선정에 주의가 필요하다. 조명의 연출(조명의 면적 및 공간 조도) 변화에 의한 불쾌글레어와 피로감은 후행 연출 소면적·고조도 사용에 더 제약적이며, 선행 연출의 대면적·저조도의 복합적 사용은 불허용 범위(불쾌글레어 : ‘매우 눈부신(C)’, 피로감 : ‘매우 피로한(D)’)로 배제되어야 한다. 또한 보조 조명에 의한 배경 조도는 휘도비 제어가 가능하므로 불쾌글레어 및 피로 감소에 영향을 미치나, 배경조도의 제어에도 순화되지 않는 범위는 일부 존재한다.

This study aimed to identify discomfort glare and fatigue in a lighting environment where lighting settings are changeable, and index to control these conditions was constructed. For the evaluation, the luminance ratio was chosen from among the tunable factors in order to examine the difference in the level of discomfort glare based on the presence and absence of changes in lighting conditions, the difference based on light source view and non-light source view, and the difference based on the controlled luminance ratio.
Lighting setting changes by illuminance and surface colors and by illuminance and illuminated area were examined. In addition, lighting setting changes by the controlled background illuminance were also examined.

Key findings are as follows:

First, when illuminance of lighting and illuminance by surface colors remained unchanged, discomfort glare was mostly within the tolerable range ("perceptible (A)") irrespective of surface colors (surface reflectance), and fatigue was found to "start" at the high surface reflectance and high illuminance areas. The result indicates that while luminance projected on the surface colors affects the occupant''s discomfort glare and fatigue, the level of impact is marginal. On the other hand, the tolerable range of discomfort glare and fatigue became more limited when the surface reflectance rose higher, but the range grew bigger when the difference between preceding illuminance and subsequent illuminance grew bigger. This result indicates that changes in the luminance projected on the surface colors affects the occupant''s discomfort glare and fatigue, and thus must be controlled to reduce the level of discomfort glare and fatigue.
Second, the index ratings between discomfort glare and fatigue were similar when lighting settings by illuminance and illuminated area remain unchanged, and discomfort glare and fatigue were mostly within the tolerable range under the low luminance ratio between the background luminance and light source luminance or under large area and low illuminance. This result indicates that light source in a small area has an impact on the occupant''s discomfort glare and fatigue even in general lighting environment and therefore a proper design of tolerable range is required. On the other hand, when lighting settings changed, the index ratings of discomfort glare and fatigue produced the most ideal range under the same illuminance settings; Discomfort glare and fatigue were mostly within the tolerable range, irrespective of the tuned lighting settings (small area-low illuminance and large area-high illuminance). This result indicates that settings of illuminated area and illuminance have an effect on the occupant''s discomfort glare and fatigue, and care is therefore required when applying high illuminance to a small area after applying certain lighting settings.
Third, when lighting settings by background illuminance control remain unchanged, the tendency by background illumination was similar, but discomfort glare and fatigue level decreased when background illuminance increased and discomfort glare caused by ceiling light source could be partially controlled by the use of auxiliary lighting (indirect lighting). The result shows that the luminance ratio of light source and background area affects the occupant''s discomfort glare and fatigue, and therefore the ratio should be designed as low as possible. On the other hand, the combined use of auxiliary lighting or raised background illuminance does not eliminate the unrefined zone, if the primary lighting (ceiling light) is designed with a small area and high illuminance. Meanwhile, when lighting settings were changed, discomfort glare and fatigue decreased due to the raised background illuminance and in most cases came into the tolerable range under low luminance ratio of light sources irrespective of the given lighting settings (background luminance). The result indicates that the luminance ratio of light source and background area and the luminance ratio between tuned light sources have an impact on the occupant''s discomfort glare and fatigue, and system-controlled (tunable) lighting settings can serve to lessen discomfort glare and fatigue. However, an unrefined range exists if the difference in tuned light source areas or in illuminance is large and applying tuning factors to the "intolerable" range must be avoided.

Discomfort glare and fatigue caused by the surface reflectance are greatly influenced by the changes in lighting settings (changes in illuminance), and the use of finishing materials with large surface reflectance and high luminance lighting design should be refrained when choosing interior finishes while considering discomfort glare and fatigue. The amount of illumination should also be carefully selected because the level of discomfort glare and fatigue increases if the amount of illumination between preceding and subsequent settings differs significantly. Discomfort glare and fatigue arising from changes in lighting settings (illuminated area and space illuminance) make it more restrictive to later apply small area and high illuminance setting, and therefore the use of large area and low illuminance as preceding lighting setting should be ruled out as an intolerable range (discomfort glare: "very glaring (C)," fatigue: "very tiring (D)"). While background illuminance with the use of auxiliary lighting can reduce discomfort glare and fatigue by controlling its luminance ratio, there still exists a range where discomfort glare and fatigue cannot be weakened by the control of luminance ratio.

제 1 장 서 론
1.1 연구의 배경 및 목적 ··············································································1
1.2 연구 내용 및 방법 ·················································································3
1.2.1 연구의 내용 ·················································································3
1.2.2 연구의 방법 ··················································································4
제 2 장 이론적 고찰
2.1 시스템 조명의 일반 사항 ········································································6
2.2.1 시스템 조명의 정의 및 제어 방법 ···················································7
2.2.2 시스템 조명의 기능과 역할 ···························································10
2.2 글레어의 일반 사항 ··············································································13
2.2.1 글레어의 정의 및 분류 ·································································13
2.2.2 실내 인공조명의 글레어 발생 요인 ················································18
2.2.3 실내 인공조명의 인지적 평가에 의한 고찰 ·····································24
2.3 연구의 차별성 ······················································································25
제 3 장 지정 표면색 별 조도 변화에 따른 영향력 분석
3.1 개요 ···································································································26
3.1.1 실험 환경 ···················································································26
3.1.2 실험 광원 및 조명 변인 ·······························································27
3.1.3 평가 방법 및 피험자 특성 ····························································32
3.1.4 지표의 도출과 판단 기준 ······························································34
3.2 조명의 조도 변화 有·無에 따른 불쾌글레어 및 피로감 지표 결과 ··············36
3.2.1 조도 불변 時 표면색 별 변인 범위 결과 ········································36
3.2.2 조도 변화 時 표면색 별 변인 범위 결과 ········································39
3.3 소결 ···································································································55
제 4 장 광원의 면적 및 조도 변화에 따른 영향력 분석
4.1 개요 ···································································································62
4.1.1 실험 환경 ···················································································62
4.1.2 실험 광원 및 조명 변인 ·······························································63
4.1.3 평가 방법 및 피험자 특성 ····························································66
4.1.4 지표의 도출과 판단 기준 ······························································68
4.2 조명의 연출 변화 有·無에 따른 불쾌글레어 및 피로감 지표 결과 ··············70
4.2.1 연출 불변 時 면적 별 변인 범위 결과 ···········································70
4.2.2 연출 변화 時 면적 별 변인 범위 결과 ···········································75
4.3 소결 ··································································································113
제 5 장 배경 휘도 제어에 의한 영향력 분석
5.1 개요 ··································································································128
5.1.1 실험 환경 ·················································································128
5.1.2 실험 광원 및 조명 변인 ·····························································129
5.1.3 평가 방법 및 피험자 특성 ··························································133
5.1.4 지표의 도출과 판단 기준 ····························································135
5.2 조명의 연출 변화 有·無에 따른 불쾌글레어 및 피로감 지표 결과 ·············137
5.2.1 연출 불변 時 배경 휘도 별 변인 범위 결과 ··································137
5.2.2 연출 변화 時 배경 휘도 별 변인 범위 결과 ··································142
5.3 소결 ··································································································199
제 6 장 조명의 연출 특성에 따른 불쾌글레어 종합 설계 지표(안)
6.1 개요 ··································································································218
6.1.1 지표의 도출과 판단 기준 ····························································218
6.1.2 용어의 정의 ··············································································220
6.2 사용자 종합 설계 지표(안) ···································································221
6.2.1 지정 표면색 별 조도 변화에 따른 설계 지표 ································221
6.2.2 광원의 면적 및 조도 변화 특성에 따른 설계 지표 ·························227
6.2.3 배경 휘도 제어에 의한 설계 지표 ················································237
6.3 연출 조명 설계 時 주의 사항 ······························································253
제 7 장 결론
7.1 주요 연구 결과 요약 ···········································································254
7.2 향후 연구 방향 제시 ···········································································256
참고문헌 ··································································································257
Abstract ·································································································259
부록 ········································································································262

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