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전세계적으로 불의 고리를 중심으로 많은 지진이 발생하고 있으며, 규모 5.0 이상의 강한 지진도 많이 발생하고 있다. 지진이 발생하게 되면 교량, 터널, 건물 등 많은 구조물들이 피해를 입고, 2차적으로 인명피해도 발생할 수 있다. 이와 같은 지진 피해를 줄이기 위해 지진격리장치 같은 면진공법이 많이 활용되고 있다. 기존에 많이 사용되고 있는 구조형 지진격리장치의 경우, 큰 변위를 허용할 수 없는 단점이 있다. 이에 본 연구에서는 지진파가 지반을 지나 교량의 상부구조물에 도달하기 전에 구조물 하부기초에 위치한 지반에서 1차적인 면진작용으로 상부구조물에 전달되는 지진하중을 감소시키는 방법
인 지반형 기초지진격리장치에 대한 면진성능 평가를 수행하였다.
지반형 기초지진격리장치의 면진성능 평가를 위해 상사법칙을 고려하여 구조물을 제작하고, 진동대 실험 준비를 수행하였다. 연약점토지반 및 강성지반에서의 지반형 기초지진
격리장치에 대한 면진성능을 평가하였다. 구조물은 전도모드와 활동모드 기초조건을 가지도록 제작하였으며, 실험 수행시 고정기초, 전도모드, 활동모드 기초조건에 대한 비교분석을 수행하였다. 지반형 기초지진격리장치의 재료는 테프론과 제강슬래그이며, 실내시험을 수행하여 제강슬래그의 물리적 및 역학적 특성을 분석하였다. 제강슬래그의 전단계수감소곡선과 감쇠비곡선은 일반적인 모래와 자갈 사이의 범위에 있었다. 제강슬래그와 콘크리트 공시체의 마찰각은 테프론과 콘크리트 공시체의 마찰각보다 약 3배 컸다. 진동대 실험은 총 4번 수행하였으며, 5가지 경우로 나누어 실험결과를 분석하였다. 첫 번째 실험은 상사비를 맞춘 연약지반에서의 지반형 지진격리장치의 면진성능분석과 상부구조물의 강성 및 무게 차이에 따른 면진성능분석을 위해 수행하였다. 두 번째 실험은 전도 및 활동모드 기초조건의 상부구조물에 대해 제강슬래그를 이용한 지반형 지진격리장치의 면진성능분석하기 위해 수행하였다. 세 번째와 네 번째 실험은 테프론형 지진격리장치의 기
초조건에 따른 면진성능 비교와 동일한 구조물 형상에서 지진격리장치의 재료가 다를 경우의 면진성능 비교를 위해 수행되었다.
진동대 실험결과, 지진격리장치가 있는 지반이 지진격리장치가 없는 지반보다 가속도가 더 많이 감소하였으며, 상부구조물의 강성과 무게가 클수록 기초지진격리장치의 가속도 저감효과가 더 컸다. 하지만 강성과 무게 차이에 비해 가속도 저감효과는 크지 않았다. 제강슬래그형 기초지진격리장치는 활동모드와 전도모드 기초조건의 구조물의 가속도 저감효과가 거의 없었으며, 이 결과는 제강슬래그형 기초지진격리장치는 활동과 전도모드의 지배면진메커니즘이 모두 효과가 있을 것으로 추정된다. 테프론형 기초지진격리장치에서는 활동모드 기초조건의 구조물이 전도모드 기초조건의 구조물보다 가속도 저감효과가 더 있었으며,이 결과는 테프론형 기초지진격리장치는 활동이 주된 지배면진메커니즘이라는 것을 보여준다. 또한, 제강슬래그형 지진격리장치가 테프론형 지진격리장치보다 면진효과가 좋았으며, 전도모드가 활동모드보다 면진에 좀 더 효율적이라고 판단된다. 고정기초 구조물과 지진격리장치가 있는 구조물에 대해 응답스펙트럼을 분석하였다. 입력가속도가 상부로 전달되면서 고정기초 구조물의 경우는 주기가 단주기 쪽에서 증폭하고, 지진격리장치를 사용한 경우에는 장주기에서 증폭하였다. 지진격리장치 설치 전?후의 전체시스템의 고유주기를 분석한 결과, 지진격리장치가 전체시스템의 고유주기를 증가시켰으며, 이로 인해 구조물이 받는 가속도 하중이 감소하는 효과가 있었다. 시험결과를 종합한 결과, 지진격리재료의 마찰력이 작으면 활동이 주된 지배면진메커니즘이고, 지진격리재료의 마찰력이 크면 활동과 전도가 복합된 지배면진메커니즘이다. 최종적으로 입력가속도에 따른 응답가속도, 응답가속도비, 수평변위, 그리고 전도각 등 다양한 응답결과에 대한 설계 파라미터를 제안하였다. 실험결과를 5자유도 시스템으로 표현하여 간이 수치모델을 제안하였으며, 진동대 실험결과를 캘리브레이션하여 수치해석 모델링을 하였다. 지진격리층과 구조물 사이의 마찰력에 영향을 주는 인터페이스, 상부구조물의 무게와 강성, 입력파의 주파수, 지진격리층의 두께 등을 다르게 하면서 분석하였다. 인터페이스값이 너무 작으면 가속도 저감효과가 너무 커서 실험결과와 맞지 않는 결과가 나왔으며, 인터페이스가 0.3 이상에서 지진격리층과 구조물 사이가 서로 상호작용하는 상태가 되었다. 상부구조물의 무게와 강성이 변해도 지진격리층의 가속도저감효과에는 큰 차이는 없었다. 입력파의 주파수가 지진격리층의 가속도 저감효과에 많은 영향을 주는 요소였으며, 지진격리층 두께가 어느정도 두께 이상이 되면 가속도 저감효과가 수렴하는 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지진격리층 설계 시 과다설계가 되지 않도록 설계해야한다.
인 지반형 기초지진격리장치에 대한 면진성능 평가를 수행하였다.
지반형 기초지진격리장치의 면진성능 평가를 위해 상사법칙을 고려하여 구조물을 제작하고, 진동대 실험 준비를 수행하였다. 연약점토지반 및 강성지반에서의 지반형 기초지진
격리장치에 대한 면진성능을 평가하였다. 구조물은 전도모드와 활동모드 기초조건을 가지도록 제작하였으며, 실험 수행시 고정기초, 전도모드, 활동모드 기초조건에 대한 비교분석을 수행하였다. 지반형 기초지진격리장치의 재료는 테프론과 제강슬래그이며, 실내시험을 수행하여 제강슬래그의 물리적 및 역학적 특성을 분석하였다. 제강슬래그의 전단계수감소곡선과 감쇠비곡선은 일반적인 모래와 자갈 사이의 범위에 있었다. 제강슬래그와 콘크리트 공시체의 마찰각은 테프론과 콘크리트 공시체의 마찰각보다 약 3배 컸다. 진동대 실험은 총 4번 수행하였으며, 5가지 경우로 나누어 실험결과를 분석하였다. 첫 번째 실험은 상사비를 맞춘 연약지반에서의 지반형 지진격리장치의 면진성능분석과 상부구조물의 강성 및 무게 차이에 따른 면진성능분석을 위해 수행하였다. 두 번째 실험은 전도 및 활동모드 기초조건의 상부구조물에 대해 제강슬래그를 이용한 지반형 지진격리장치의 면진성능분석하기 위해 수행하였다. 세 번째와 네 번째 실험은 테프론형 지진격리장치의 기
초조건에 따른 면진성능 비교와 동일한 구조물 형상에서 지진격리장치의 재료가 다를 경우의 면진성능 비교를 위해 수행되었다.
진동대 실험결과, 지진격리장치가 있는 지반이 지진격리장치가 없는 지반보다 가속도가 더 많이 감소하였으며, 상부구조물의 강성과 무게가 클수록 기초지진격리장치의 가속도 저감효과가 더 컸다. 하지만 강성과 무게 차이에 비해 가속도 저감효과는 크지 않았다. 제강슬래그형 기초지진격리장치는 활동모드와 전도모드 기초조건의 구조물의 가속도 저감효과가 거의 없었으며, 이 결과는 제강슬래그형 기초지진격리장치는 활동과 전도모드의 지배면진메커니즘이 모두 효과가 있을 것으로 추정된다. 테프론형 기초지진격리장치에서는 활동모드 기초조건의 구조물이 전도모드 기초조건의 구조물보다 가속도 저감효과가 더 있었으며,이 결과는 테프론형 기초지진격리장치는 활동이 주된 지배면진메커니즘이라는 것을 보여준다. 또한, 제강슬래그형 지진격리장치가 테프론형 지진격리장치보다 면진효과가 좋았으며, 전도모드가 활동모드보다 면진에 좀 더 효율적이라고 판단된다. 고정기초 구조물과 지진격리장치가 있는 구조물에 대해 응답스펙트럼을 분석하였다. 입력가속도가 상부로 전달되면서 고정기초 구조물의 경우는 주기가 단주기 쪽에서 증폭하고, 지진격리장치를 사용한 경우에는 장주기에서 증폭하였다. 지진격리장치 설치 전?후의 전체시스템의 고유주기를 분석한 결과, 지진격리장치가 전체시스템의 고유주기를 증가시켰으며, 이로 인해 구조물이 받는 가속도 하중이 감소하는 효과가 있었다. 시험결과를 종합한 결과, 지진격리재료의 마찰력이 작으면 활동이 주된 지배면진메커니즘이고, 지진격리재료의 마찰력이 크면 활동과 전도가 복합된 지배면진메커니즘이다. 최종적으로 입력가속도에 따른 응답가속도, 응답가속도비, 수평변위, 그리고 전도각 등 다양한 응답결과에 대한 설계 파라미터를 제안하였다. 실험결과를 5자유도 시스템으로 표현하여 간이 수치모델을 제안하였으며, 진동대 실험결과를 캘리브레이션하여 수치해석 모델링을 하였다. 지진격리층과 구조물 사이의 마찰력에 영향을 주는 인터페이스, 상부구조물의 무게와 강성, 입력파의 주파수, 지진격리층의 두께 등을 다르게 하면서 분석하였다. 인터페이스값이 너무 작으면 가속도 저감효과가 너무 커서 실험결과와 맞지 않는 결과가 나왔으며, 인터페이스가 0.3 이상에서 지진격리층과 구조물 사이가 서로 상호작용하는 상태가 되었다. 상부구조물의 무게와 강성이 변해도 지진격리층의 가속도저감효과에는 큰 차이는 없었다. 입력파의 주파수가 지진격리층의 가속도 저감효과에 많은 영향을 주는 요소였으며, 지진격리층 두께가 어느정도 두께 이상이 되면 가속도 저감효과가 수렴하는 결과를 보였다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 지진격리층 설계 시 과다설계가 되지 않도록 설계해야한다.
목차
제 1 장 서론 ·········································································································································11.1 연구의 배경과 목적 ······················································································································ 11.2 연구목표와 범위 ···························································································································· 41.3 논문의 구성 ···································································································································· 4제 2 장 내진 및 면진장치 ···················································································································· 62.1 개요 ················································································································································· 62.2 구조형 지진격리장치 ···················································································································· 62.3 지반형 지진격리장치 ···················································································································· 8제 3 장 1-G 진동대 실험 준비 및 프로그램 ··················································································· 143.1 개요 ··············································································································································· 143.2 1-G 진동대 시설 현황 ··············································································································· 143.3 진동대 모형실험을 위한 고려사항 ··························································································· 163.3.1 상사비 결정 ······························································································································ 163.3.2 모형지반 조성 및 모형구조물 제작 ····················································································· 203.3.3 계측계획 수립 ·························································································································· 203.3.4 입력파 선정 ······························································································································ 213.4 진동대 실험 프로그램 ················································································································ 213.4.1 실험 수행 내용 ························································································································ 213.4.2 모형실험에 적용된 고려사항 ································································································· 24제 4 장 지진격리장치 재료의 특성 실험 ·························································································· 374.1 개요 ··············································································································································· 374.2 연구 수행 방법 ···························································································································· 374.2.1 지진격리장치 재료의 물리적 특성 분석 ············································································· 374.2.2 지진격리 재료의 마찰계수 산정 ··························································································· 404.2.3 지진격리 재료의 동적 실내시험 ··························································································· 414.3 시험 결과 ····································································································································· 444.3.1 지진격리재료의 물리적 특성 ································································································· 444.3.2 지진격리 재료의 마찰계수 ····································································································· 454.3.3 지진격리 재료의 동적 실내시험 ··························································································· 464.3.4 제강슬래그 재료의 적용성 분석 ··························································································· 54제 5 장 실험 결과 및 분석 ·················································································································· 555.1 개요 ··············································································································································· 555.2 연약점토지반에서의 지진격리장치 시험 ················································································· 555.2.1 가속도 응답 및 변위 응답 분석 ··························································································· 555.2.2 응답스펙트럼 분석 ·················································································································· 605.2.3 상부구조물 강성 및 무게차이에 따른 기초지진격리장치의 효과 비교 ························· 615.3 강성지반에서의 제강슬래그형 지진격리장치의 면진성능 시험 ·········································· 655.3.1 가속도 응답 분석 ···················································································································· 655.3.2 변위 응답 분석 ························································································································ 765.4 테프론형 지진격리장치의 면진성능 시험 결과 비교 ··························································· 765.4.1 시험결과 분석 ·························································································································· 765.4.2 활동 및 전도 분석 ·················································································································· 875.5 동일 구조물에서의 지진격리장치 재료 차이에 따른 면진성능 ·········································· 885.5.1 가속도 응답 분석 ···················································································································· 885.5.2 입력가속도별 응답스펙트럼 분석 ························································································· 985.5.3 활동 및 전도 분석 ················································································································ 100제 6 장 수치모델 제안 및 수치해석 분석 ······················································································ 1026.1 개요 ············································································································································· 1026.2 수치모델 ····································································································································· 1026.3 수치해석 분석 ···························································································································· 1086.3.1 수치해석 검증 ························································································································ 1086.3.2 강성지반에서의 제강슬래그형 지진격리장치 효과 평가 ················································ 114제 7 장 요약 및 결론 ························································································································· 1297.1 연구요약 및 결론 ······················································································································ 1297.2 연구의 한계점 및 향후 연구방안 ·························································································· 131참고문헌 ················································································································································· 133Abstract ················································································································································ 141
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