본 연구의 목적은 에너지 교환형 다단(저온, 중온, 고온) CO2 포집공정을 위한 중온용(300~450oC)흡수제 개발이다. 기존의 흡수제 중 다단 CO2 포집공정의 중온영역에서 활성을 갖는 흡수제로는 미국 특허 6,280,503 B1에 보고된 ‘Na-Mg double salt’ 건식 CO2 흡수제이다. 이 흡수제는 Na2CO3와 Mg nitrate를 이용하여 침전 방식으로 제조되어 알칼리 금속 탄산염과 알칼리 금속 질산염이 함께 MgO에 담지 된 형태를 갖는다. CO2 흡수반응은 Na2CO3 + MgO + CO2 → Na2Mg(CO3)2 의 반응 경로로 진행되는 특징이 있다. 이 Na-Mg double salt 흡수제는 300oC, 1st cycle에서 43wt%의 CO2 흡수능을 보였으나 연속 된 흡수·재생 cycle에서 급격히 비활성화 되었다. 또한, 이 흡수제는 알칼리 금속 탄산염과 알칼리 금속 질산염의 함량이 washing과정에서 결정되기 때문에 일정한 함량의 흡수제 제조가 어렵다는 큰 단점이 있다. 이러한 문제들을 개선하기 위하여, CO2 주입법을 통해 연소 후 CO2 포집공정의 중온 영역(250~500oC)에서 사용 할 새로운 MgO계 고체 흡수제를 개발하였다. 이 MgO계 흡수제는 증류수에 다양한 상용 마그네슘 전구체(MgO, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2) 중 하나와 Na2CO3 30wt%를 섞어 CO2를 주입하면서 함침법처럼 교반 처리된다. 그리고 건조 후 다시 NaNO3 10wt%를 함침법으로 담지 후 소성과정을 거쳐 Na2CO3 30wt%와 NaNO3 10wt%가 담지된 새로운 MgO계 고체 흡수제를 제조하였다. 이 MgO계 고체 흡수제들은 300oC, CO2 10 vol%, H2O 10 vol%로 구성된 기체 분위기의 1 cycle 흡수실험에서 30~35wt%의 CO2 흡수능을 보였다. 그러나 이 고체 흡수제들을 450oC에서 재생 한 후 MgO와 MgCO3를 전구체로 사용한 흡수제들은 2 cycle부터 12wt%로 흡수능이 감소함을 보였지만, Mg(OH)2를 전구체로 사용한 흡수제는 18~20wt%의 흡수능을 반복된 cycle에서도 계속 유지했다. 이 흡수능은 일반적인 함침법으로 MgO에 Na2CO3와 NaNO3를 담지한 MgO계 흡수제(흡수능 8wt%)보다 훨씬 높다. 게다가 이 수치는 담지 된 30wt%의 Na2CO3가 모두 CO2 흡수반응에 참여하여 Na2Mg(CO3)2로 형성될 때의 흡수능인 12.5wt%보다 훨씬 높은 값이다. 이는 담지 된 Na2CO3 외에 MgO가 직접 CO2 흡수반응에 작용하여 MgCO3를 형성하기 때문인 것으로 XRD분석을 통해 확인 되었다. 이 실험 결과로부터 MgO계 흡수제의 CO2 흡수능을 향상시키기 위해선 MgO의 활성이 매우 중요한 역할을 한다는 것을 발견하였다. 그리고 MgO의 활성을 일으킨 원인은 CO2 주입법으로 MgO와 Na2CO3를 Na2Mg(CO3)2로 형성시킨 후 소성과정에서 Na2Mg(CO3)2가 분해되고 그로 인해 생성된 균열 혹은 pore에 306oC에서 용융 되면 기체 CO2에 대한 용해력을 갖는 NaNO3의 분산도가 좋아진 것으로 판단 되었다. 따라서 이 결과들에 기초하여 새롭게 개발 된 CO2 주입법은 중온 영역에서의 CO2 포집을 위한 MgO계 흡수제 개발에 큰 잠재력을 갖고 있는 것으로 판단된다.
Climate system has been balanced through interaction of composition during some century. Amount of consumed CO2 by photosynthesis had been maintained balance with released CO2 in decaying plants and soil for some thousands of years. Thus, CO2 concentration in atmosphere was almost equilibrium before the industrial revolution. However, since the industrial revolution, many kinds of greenhouse gases steady have been released to atmosphere. Therefore, climate system was influenced by composition change of atmosphere. In other words, air temperature was increased depend on radiation energy decrease because humans changed climate system. Above all, carbon dioxide (CO2) is a major greenhouse gas that is released into the atmosphere by the combustion of fossil fuels (oil, natural gas and coal) [1]. Carbon-free or carbon-neutral renewable energy sources for decrease CO2 are not likely to completely replace fossil fuel power plants for many years to come [2]. The CO2 capture and sequestration (CCS) is a promising technology to reduce the emission of CO2. It includes capturing, transporting and storing the CO2 not to escape into the atmosphere. In particular, the CO2 capture may play very important role [3-4]. There are different types of CO2 capture systems: post combustion, pre-combustion and oxyfuel combustion. The concentration of CO2 in the gas stream, the pressure of the gas stream and the fuel type (solid or gas) are important factors in selecting the capture system. Post-combustion capture of CO2 in power plants is economically feasible under specific conditions . It is used to capture CO2 from part of the flue gases from a number of existing power plants. Recently the energy exchange multi-stage fluidized bed for CO2 capture in dry sorption department is studying as a new concept of technology[28]. Separation of CO2 in the natural gas processing industry, which uses similar technology, operates in a mature market The technology required for pre-combustion capture is widely applied in fertilizer manufacturing and in hydrogen production. Although the initial fuel conversion steps of pre-combustion are more elaborate and costly, the higher concentrations of CO2 in the gas stream and the higher pressure make the separation easier. Oxyfuel combustion is in the demonstration phase and uses high purity oxygen. This results in high CO2 concentrations in the gas stream and, hence, in easier separation of CO2 and in increased energy requirements in the separation of oxygen from air [1]. The technologies of CO2 capture are physical sorption, chemical sorption and gas separation membranes [5-6]. Solid sorbents for CO2 capture of the chemical sorption have been reported as one of the most efficient technologies [7-9]. The solid metal oxide (MO) such as alkali earth metal oxide can chemically sorb CO2 based on the carbonation reaction. So, the metal carbonate (MCO3) were formed through the carbonation reaction at certain temperature. The carbonation reaction is represented by MO + CO2 ↔ MCO3. Also, MCO3 can be thermally regenerated to MO and CO2 by heating. The reverse carbonation reaction is represented by MCO3 ↔ MO + CO2. The temperatures of the carbonation reaction and reverse carbonation reaction are different in accordance with MO [10]. MgO can be applied to CO2 sorbents for post-combustion CO2 capture at warm temperatures. Unmodified MgO has a very low capacity of 0.24 mmol/g at 200 °C (a preferred temperature for CO2 absorption based on thermodynamic considerations) [11], indicating poor absorption kinetics at that temperature. However, higher temperature operation is limited by thermodynamic equilibrium: MgCO3 decomposes to MgO and CO2 above 300 ˚C (at 1 bar CO2 pressure). At higher pressures, higher operating temperatures are possible and the performance of MgO could improve, but the observed low kinetic rates and capacities remain a concern. Recently, several MgO-based materials with significantly better performance have been reported to selectively and reversibly absorb CO2. An absorption capacity of 3.37 mmol/g was reported for Mg(OH)2, however, the operation of this sorbent is limited to the temperature range of 200~315 °C [12] and requires rehydroxylation of MgO in regenerating the sorbent. A U.S. patent covering MgO-based double salt sorbents, also described as alkali promoted MgO-based sorbents, reports a broad capacity range of 1.1-12.9 mmol/g depending on the conditions of synthesis, with a highest regenerable capacity of 11 mmol/g demonstrated through PSA at 375 ˚C [13]. Double salts are salts containing more than one cation or anion, obtained by combining two different salts which are crystallized in the same regular ionic lattice. However, no subsequent reports or reproducible data for the high capacity of 11~12.9 mmol/g on the same material system have been provided.[14]. In the open literature, when following the preparation procedures described in the double salt patent, a Na-Mg double salt absorbent only showed a capacity of 4.7 mmol/g at 375 ˚C [15]. In addition, the authors noted having difficulty in generating reproducible samples[14]. In a literature, it was reported that MgO promoted with alkali nitrate can absorb CO2 in gas. If alkali nitrates melted at over 300 oC, the melted alkali nitrates have CO2 solubility[16]. In addition, molten salts act as phase transfer catalysts that can significantly facilitate the CO2 reaction with bulk metal oxides by providing an alternate reaction pathway to traditional gas-solid reactions. A representative e.g. NaNO3-MgO demonstrates fast CO2 absorption and a high MgO conversion of 75%, while MgO without NaNO3 has a conversion below 2%, when both are exposed to ambient pressure 100% CO2 at 330 oC[17]. One of the main aims of this study was to develop new MgO-based sorbent apply to post combustion in the warm temperature region (300oC ~ 500oC). At the first, CO2 capture properties of double salt sorbent which has the highest CO2 capture capacity in the warm temperature was investigated to find causes which has high CO2 capture capacity. And, the CO2 injection method were developed to make new MgO-based sorbent which has high CO2 capture capacity and better reproducibility. CO2 capture capacity was calculated depending on GC data in the experimental apparatus. Then, the sorbents were characterized by XRD, FE-SEM, BET to investigate the difference of the CO2 capture capacities and sorption and regeneration properties.
I. INTRODUCTION 1II. LITERATURE SURVEY 52-1. Background of research 52-1-1. United National Framework Convention on Climate Change 52-2. Introduction to carbon capture and storage (CCS) 82-3. CO2 capture systems 102-3-1. Post-combustion capture 102-3-2. Pre-combustion capture systems 122-3-3. Oxy-fuel combustion capture systems 152-4. The post-combustion process for CO2 capture 172-4-1. Wet sorption process 172-4-2. Membrane separation process 182-4-3. Dry sorption process 192-5. KOREA CCS 2020 business by Future Creation Science 202-5-1. The energy exchange multi-stage fluidized bed for CO2 capture 20III. EXPERIMENTAL SECTION 223-1. Preparation of Sorbents 223-1-1. Impregnation method 223-1-2. US patent 6,280,503 B1 233-1-3. CO2 injection Method 233-2. Apparatus and procedures 263-3. Calculation of the CO2 capture capacity 303-4. The characterization of sorbents 31IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 324-1. CO2 capture properties analysis of reported MgO-based sorbents forwarm temperature 324-1-1. Compare with CO2 capture capacities of double salt sorbent andimpregnation sorbent 344-1-2. XRD patterns of double salt sorbent and impregnation sorbent 364-1-3. SEM images of double salt sorbent and impregnation sorbent 394-1-4. BET analysis of double salt sorbent and impregnation sorbent 424-2. CO2 capture properties analysis of sorbents made by impregnation usingone of various Mg precursors 444-2-1. Compare with CO2 capture capacities of sorbents made by impregnationusing one of various Mg precursors 454-2-2. XRD patterns of sorbents made by impregnation using one of variousMg precursors 474-2-3. SEM images of sorbents made by impregnation using one of variousMg precursors 524-3. Effects of CO2 injection method on CO2 sorbent using precipitatedMgCO3 slurry 564-3-1. Compare with CO2 capture capacities between CO2 injected sorbent and notCO2 injected sorbent 574-3-2. XRD patterns of the sorbents using precipitated MgCO3 slurry 594-3-3. SEM images of the sorbents using precipitated MgCO3 slurry 644-4. CO2 capture properties analysis of CO2 injection method sorbents usingone of MgO, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2 664-4-1. Compare with CO2 capture capacity of CO2 injection method sorbents usingone of MgO, MgCO3, Mg(OH)2 674-4-2. XRD patterns of CO2 injection method sorbents using one of MgO, MgCO3,Mg(OH)2 734-4-3. SEM images of CO2 injection method sorbents using one of MgO, MgCO3,Mg(OH)2 78V. CONCLUSION 83VI. REFERENCES 85