The purpose of this study is to offer the base line data and to revitalize Hapkido by investigating the effects of a 16-Week Hapkido training Program on physical fitness and physical self-concept for children and adolescents. A mixed dispersion analysis for 2(group) x 5(grade) x 2(period) was used to review the developmental differences of the physical strength and physical self-concept administered by the group(both experimental & control group), and grade and period(before & after). When the main effect was found in terms of grade, Bonferroni test was administered for the post verification. When the mutual reactions were detected among the factors, the corresponding comparison analysis was administered. The followings are the results of this study.
First, the physical strength before and after the Hapkido training was statistically different in endurance factor. After the training, however, in almost all the factors such as endurance, flexibility, muscular strength, reflexes, BMI(body mass index), the strength was shown significantly high. The physical self-concept was significantly high in endurance factor before the training. However, the physical strength, flexibility, regular exercise, BMI, muscular strength, sports confidence, and endurance factors were shown significantly higher.
Second, as for the difference of the self-concept according to the period of Hapkido training, the difference was detected in all the factors. The endurance factor was high for those who had less training than a year and the flexibility was high for those who had training less than 2-3 years. Those who had training more than three years had highest score in appearance, physical fitness, regular exercise, BMI, muscular strength and sports confidence.
Third, the mutual effect of the physical strength of the group and the period of the measurement was significantly high in the factors of flexibility muscular strength and BMI. Fourth, the results of the analysis of the relationship between the physical fitness and physical self-concept were: cardiorespiratory endurance was significantly related with appearance, physical strength, muscular strength sports confidence, endurance, and flexibility is significantly related with physical strength, and muscular strength and muscular endurance were significantly related with appearance, and reflexes were significantly related with appearance, flexibility, regular exercise, BMI, and sports confidence.
Fifth, the affects of the physical self-concept, in the model that physical self-concept predicts cardiorespiratory endurance are not statistically significant between pre & post test. As for the effects which cause flexibility, they are significantly related with regular exercise in the case of pre-test, however, in the case of post-test, they were significantly related with regular exercise and muscular strength, As for the effects which cause muscular strength, appearance, flexibility, regular exercise and endurance were significantly related in the pre-test and appearance, flexibility and endurance were significantly related in the post-test. As for the effects that cause reflexes, significant differences were found in the physical fitness and endurance in the pre-test, and the same were found in appearance and regular exercises in the post-test. The effects that cause BMI were not shown in the pre-test, however, they were significant in terms of appearance, BMI and endurance in the post-test.